Hitlers Rise to Power

A Comparative Essay on Historical Schools: The Annales and Marxist Historiography Historical Interpretation, as a term, is a skill that historians acquire to describe human events. As historians gather information regarding the past and analyze the artifacts, they are left with the task to explain their findings to the masses. For many years, profound members of society were used as primary sources for historical events. But as the world turned, historians began to question the grounds of which these â€Å"facts† stood. How are the rulers and priest to be the only true source of widespread events?Such questions gave birth to schools of historical interpretation. These schools became well- known on their scrutiny of historical facts to the point where history became a specialized field with various focal points, such as linguistics, agriculture, cliometrics, culture, and many more. This essay will compare the analytical styles of the Annales and the Marxists historians. Althoug h these schools recognize the superstructure of socioeconomic relationships, they have different approaches and motivations for their historical analyses which has changed the way history is studied.The Annales School is a group of historians who innovated historical research. They focused on properly documenting French history prior to the French Revolution. Prior to their research, french history was dominated by Marxism and was made up mostly from the vantage point of the leaders and other well known figures. The Annales vigorously opposed Marxism due to its tendency to discredit the natural causes and individualism that also play a major part in history. However, the Annales countered Marxism’s monopolizing ways by presenting their socially scientific approach.The Annales was founded by two Strasburg professors, who taught history and it was through their connection that they were able to become a school of historical interpretation. Co-founders, Lucien Febvre and Marc Bl och developed a scholarly journal that incorporated their approach and was published in 1929. This groundbreaking article was titled â€Å"Annales d'Histoire Economique et social† which was subtle in its initial push for change in historical documentation. As they began this journey as the Annales, they opted for historians to examine the state of France as it is and then deduce history rather than judge the present based on the past.Although there works are one in the same, they had different approaches that worked well together. Bloch contributed an agrarian and comparative perspective, while Febvre’s contribution was geared more toward combining history and the social sciences. In the Annales School: An Intellectual History, Andre Burguiere states â€Å"the act of placing the present in perspective by setting it against what the past can teach us does not lead to skepticism but to a spirit of tolerance and responsibility. † This tells us that the Annales felt as though history should be judged not by the â€Å"great men† alone but by the masses.And the only way to get history outside of the proverbial box is to take into consideration the ideals of all men and evaluate them along with economic and material withholding of their country. In order to fully capture an unbiased survey of history Febvre and Bloch pushed for an intercontinental journal. This would allow them to expand their practices not only by incorporating other disciplines but also understanding these events from a broader perspective. Besides their interdisciplinary approach, they also wanted to transform history into a social science.For them, this would prove to be more practical and would be made up of checkable facts and resources. By turning history into a social science, collective beliefs and customs would be taken into consideration. With these approaches, Bloch and Febvre makes up the first generation of the Annales School of Historical Interpretation but their works are still being used, updated, and adapted in current historical interpretation. Marxist historiography takes a different approach to understanding history. Spawned from Marxism’s class scale, Marxist’s historical interpretation is limited, as it works backwards from the outcome to the event.However, this form of historical interpretation is recognized for its middle and lower class historical perspective. Karl Marx is well-known for his strong support for Communism. He professed that society goes through a cycle from anarchy to socialism, with capitalism and communism being on opposite ends of the spectrum. This approach led him to analyze and judge history on these characteristics. In Marxist historiography, every historical event was a result of the socioeconomic status in which the event took place.Marxist historians are sometime ashamed of the Marxist title that they have due to Marx’s position on what we call the free world. However, Marxist hi storians do not hang on every idea of Marxism. A Marxist historian analyzes history with the understanding that historical events are occurrences that are determined by the working class’ level of production and the type of government in place at the time of the occurrence. In Marxist historiography, historians pay close attention to historical materialism, class struggle, government, and production.These are the viewpoints that sum up this type of historical interpretation. The historiography of Marxism many times exclude political factors because it lacks the substantial and tangible evidence that other forms of historical interpretation embrace. Karl Marx both embraced and opposed the ideas of GWF Hegel, a German philosopher, who was well known for his conflict and contradictions theories. Yet, it was because of Hegel’s philosophy that Marxism thrives. Through Marxist historiography, historical events are at the mercy of a superstructure that has a predetermined pat h.The work of Karl Marx and the Annales are still in practice today. Both schools of historical interpretation emphasize the social and economic impact on society as being the source for historical events. They examine the framework of society and compare the circumstances of many events to verify their theories and downplay prior trust in political narratives. As Stuart Clark states, in The Annales School: Critical Assessments, â€Å"At the centre of these issues and at the point of convergence of the Annales school and Marxist history is the theme of power. He concluded that their two distinct methods explain the plight of human events without discussing power and because of this missing link, the two schools will have more differences than similarities. Power is a common idea of both schools, however, they do not point out this fact. As there studies show, shifts of power is the driving force behind all historical events. The foundations of the perspectives of these two schools are astonishingly similar, but their differences lie in the details of their work.The Annales eventually introduced their three tiered paradigm which was â€Å"structure at the base, conjecture in the center and the event at the top. This this was then divided again by geography, social, and the individual. †(Hunt ,1986) In their use of this paradigm, they set themselves apart from Marxism because they incorporated geography and the individual in their studies, which was unique. Taking into consideration , the individual gives a personal take on the superstructure because from this vantage point the big picture can not be seen.The Annales understood that the individual has personal motivations that are not apart of the collective opinion and that the structure affects each person differently. The evidence that the Annales consider when interpreting history is more detailed than the practices of Marxist historians. Marxist historians emphasize the super and sub-structures of s ociety and remain focused on the outcome rather than the events. Marx stated in the Communist Manifesto that â€Å"the history of all past societies has been the history of all class struggles. † This sentence sums up the motivation behind Marxist historiography.Marx wanted inform the world that details did not matter as much as the inevitable social cycle. In The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852), Marx states that history repeats itself, first as a tragedy and second, as a farce. † The Marxist historian upholds this statement to be a slogan for their studies. As they uncover new ideas regarding the â€Å"system†, they are able to interpret historical events from the outside in. Schools of historical interpretations have the duty of setting their methods apart from others and coming up with different ways to analyze history.Although each event has its facts, each school interpret the findings in interesting ways. The Annales began their journey trying to combat the Marxist historical methods and they prevailed in the way they were able to contribute to history what Marxist historiography could not cover. With each of their motivations deriving from the fallacies of political narratives, these schools have transformed historical documentation from a series of both unfortunate and fortunate events to a narrative of social and economic situations that inevitably force certain outcomes. Bibliography: . Burguiere, Andre. The Annales School: An Intellectual History, trans. Jane Marie Todd, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2009; cloth; pp. 328; 2. Long, Pamela. Annales d'histoire economique et sociale 7 (November 1935), Les techniques, I'histoire et la vie Technology and CultureVol. 46, No. 1 (Jan. , 2005), pp. 177-186 Published by: Society for the History of Technology Article Stable URL:http://www. jstor. org/stable/40060803 3. Hunt, Lynn. French History in the Last Twenty Years: The Rise and Fall of the Annales Paradigm. Journal of Contemporary History. Vol. 21, No. , Twentieth Anniversary Issue (Apr. , 1986), pp. 209-224Published by: Sage Publications, Ltd. retrieved from http://www. jstor. org/stable/260364 4. Marx, K. , and F. Engels. The Communist Manifesto. New York, NY: Signet Classics, 1998. Print 5. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. Karl Marx 1852 Course Textbooks: 1. Tosh, John. The Pursuit of History. 5th. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2010. 2. Green, Anna, and Kathleen Troup. The Houses of History: A Critical Reader in Twenthieth-century History and Theory. Washington Square, New York: New York University Press, 1999.

Challenges Library Management System Essay

n 1981, UNESCO published a study prepared by Jean Lunn1 from Canada, Guidelines for Legal Deposit Legislation. His study is now 30 years old since its publication. Many countries have amended or significantly rewritten their legal deposit laws (Germany, Indonesia, and Norway in 1990; France in 1992, Sweden in 1994, Canada in 1995, South Africa in 1997, Denmark in 1998 and Japan & Finland in 2000). Others are in the process of doing so (Australia, India, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland and United Kingdom). The forms of intellectual and artistic expressions have grown in different dimensions. New published media have been developed and electronic publications are now an integral part of many national publishing heritages. UNESCO was under pressure to bring out a revised edition of the Guideline in order to review the impact of it on other countries and to incorporate new forms of publishing, such as, electronic publications. The new revised and updated edition of the Guidelines of Legal 2 Deposit Legislation (2000, UNESCO) by Jules Lariviere is found to be a useful tool. The Indian relevant act, Delivery of Books Act 1954 (rev. 1956 to include newspapers and periodicals) has been under the scanner shortly after it was put into application and over the last five decades the National Library, Kolkata and the three other recipient regional public libraries, Connemara Pubic Library, Chennai, Central Library, Town Hall, Mumbai and Delhi Public Library, Delhi, and especially the publishing world directly involved with it, expressed concern and drew attention of the Government of India, of its limitations and ineffectiveness. The National Library, Federation of Indian Publishers (FIP) and several professional library organizations discussed its drawbacks and recommended revision or specific amendments of the act at various seminars, conferences and other forums. Ministry of Culture, the concerned agency of the government of India, set up several committees to deal with the National Library. The Recommendations of the National Knowledge Commission3 and its Working Group on Libraries (NKC-WGL, 2006) is completely silent on this and other national library related issues. It would be appropriate to draw attention to an article by 3. Challenges in Library Management System (CLMS 2012) Bandopadhyay (2000) former Director of the National Library, is exhaustive enough with a complete set of plan of action for the concerned Ministry to initiate the revision process at the earliest. As a follow up, the Ministry took some steps to obtain the views, of other stakeholders, including academics, library users group and senior library professionals. Based on these suggestions / recommendations a revised draft bill on this issue was prepared that is awaiting final clearance of the Ministry since 2006. Role of Legal Deposit Act: In simple terms Legal Deposit is a statutory obligation which requires that any organization, commercial or public, and any individual producing any type of documentation in multiple copies, be obliged to deposit one or more copies with some recognised national institution/s. It is important to make sure that legal deposit legislation covers all kinds of published material, that is, material generally produced in multiple copies and â€Å"offered to the public regardless of the means of transmission. † Public distribution could mean â€Å"performance† or â€Å"display† e.g. radio or television programme could be considered as â€Å"published† for legal deposit purposes when it has been broadcast. Within the electronic publications environment, it should be noted that a â€Å"one copy item† such as, a database , stored on one server, could be subject to legal deposit requirement since it is made available to the public through a technology enabling the public to read, hear or view the material. 5 (Lariviere ). Most countries rely on a legal instrument of some sort in order to ensure the comprehensiveness of their national deposit collection. In all countries with legal deposit system, â€Å"published material† would naturally include books, periodicals, newspapers, microforms, sheet music, maps, brochures, pamphlets, etc. In some countries audio-visual material (sound recordings, films, videos, etc. ) is also subject to legal deposit and there are several countries where electronic publications are also included into the legislation, but they have done this in different way; some have excluded on-line electronic publications because of the numerous unsolved technical problems related to their acquisition and preservation problems related to ever changing technological scenarios. Legal deposit legislation serves a clear national public policy interest by ensuring comprehensive acquisition, recording, preservation and access of a nation’s published heritage. The role of a legal deposit system is to ensure the development of a national collection of published material in various formats. It should also support the compilation and publication of national bibliography in order to ensure bibliographic control over a comprehensive deposit collection. In addition, an effective legal deposit legislation guarantees to citizens and researchers within the country and abroad, access to research collection of  the national published material. Countries are developing many different models, but are clearly unable to keep pace with the massive changes and challenges related to the deposit of intangible publications. Department of National Heritage6, UK (1997) brought out a consultative paper on current legal deposit of publication issues based on a questionnaire which identified several pertinent issues and posed a number of specific questions to which sought responses from individuals and organizations. This document could also help Indian group and the government agencies in formulating the revised DB Act. Profile of Indian book publishing Before we deal with Indian Delivery of Books Act let us first look at the present trends in book publishing in India. Over the last four decades a large majority of English language publishing has concentrated in and around the capital, Delhi. The city is also a major centre of Hindi publishing industry. With the rapid growth of higher education from 1960s and the pressure built-up within the faculties due to UGC’s policy of ‘publish or perish’ resulted in the increase of publications of research monograph. India is one of the few countries where 4 4. Invited Lectures theses and dissertations submitted for Ph. D. and other similar higher postgraduate degrees in humanities and social sciences particularly, get published as a routine matter, whereas in science and technology this would be a rare phenomenon. There is no reliable source of annual book publishing data in India or any comprehensive list of Indian publishers in different languages. D. N. Malhotra7 (2010), former President of FIP and an established publisher in English and Hindi claimed of having 15,000 20,000 publishing houses, mostly run by individuals or as single family business. According to Vinutha Mallay8 Senior Editor of Mapin Publishing, India is the sixth largest publishing industry in the world with annual growth of 15-20%; third largest publishers of books in English, around 90,000 to 100,000 books are published annually, there are about 19,000 publishers in the country; in addition sixty per cent of global publishing outsourcing is based in India. This growth trend is noticeable only from the 70s onwards when book trade turnover increased gradually due to numerical growth of educational and research institutions at every level. As we look back a few decades, the demand of English books grew fast in libraries of newly established universities, research institutions and other academic centres. Individual buyers of books constitute only a small percentage. Bulk of the titles was imported from the English speaking countries, mostly from the UK and USA based publishing houses. This book import business is largely handled by a few Delhi based book importers and distributors. To accelerate the book supply process from the shelves and warehouses the importers / distributers devised a practice of sending books on credit to academic staff and libraries, through local vendors or jobbers (newcomers in book trade to supply books ‘on approval’ basis). They were allowed to take back books â€Å"not selected† within a credit limit of six months only. Within a few years these jobbers turned into legitimate vendors with book stock of their own which could not be returned to the wholesalers within the stipulated six months credit limit. They start bookshops with the ‘dead stock’ of their own and continue to supply books to the institutions on prevailing terms and conditions. These vendors, having direct contacts with the researchers and faculty members on day to day basis, being the actual selectors in all educational institutions, get offers to publish research monographs of academics. Many of them grabbed these offers on their own terms thereby joining the exclusive club of publishers. We now find several of these vendors are retail bookshop owners, library suppliers and also publishers, all in one. Perhaps it would not be out of place to add a few words of Iain Stevenson9 on the recent trends in British publishing keeping in mind that India is claimed to be the third largest English language publishing country. ‘Since the beginning of this century, there have been strong trends in British publishing in the increase in concentration of publishing and book selling ownership balanced by healthy specialization and the second is an increasing awareness and impact of electronic media and delivery across sectors that have created a large impact across the book trade. In 2004 over 161,000 individual book titles were published in the U.K. as compared to 119,000 in 2001 and over 2. 5 times the number in 1990. Consumers spending on books reach 2436 m. sterling pounds (in 2000 it was 2000 million) out of which 30% was from the export sales. Individual buyers comprised the largest market share, about 70% of total book sale and 20% to academic institutions and corporate bodies’. Indian Legal Deposit Legislation or Delivery of Books Act 1954 and its aftermath The act, commonly referred to as DB Act10 was amended in 1956 to include newspapers and serials under its purview. Annual publishing of books in India during 1950s was small 5. Challenges in Library Management System (CLMS 2012) and below 30,000 titles, whereas by 2010 it is claimed to have exceeded 100,000 [estimated figure obtained from FIP in the absence of any official data from any reliable source] with substantial increase in the coverage of subjects, such as, science and technology. In a recent 11 Annual Report of the Ministry of Culture the National Library claimed to have received 29,875 publications under the DB Act which happens to be only 30% of the estimated total publications as indicated by senior executives of the Library in several professional forums. It was also being pointed out in such gatherings that the other three recipient libraries under this Act, in Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai received even less during the same period. It is worth noting that this was claimed to be the highest figure ever reached by the library ‘due to a special drive’12Intellectual resource (NACONAL 2006). UNESCO Statistical Yearbook is silent on the number of books published annually or the number of libraries in India over the last several decades, although India is one of the major contributors and active member of this international body. This sad state of affaire obviously reached, and continue to be, due to simple negligence of all concern. In most other countries annual publication figures were being provided by organizations declared as recipient/s under the legal deposit or copyright legislation of the country. There must be several reasons for the Library to reach in such a state and to argue, we guess, the limitations of DB Act cannot be the primary cause of it. Rigid administrative and fiscal rules and regulations adopted by the Library to operate under the guidance of the Ministry, is surely to my mind, a major factor but not the main one. The crux of the matter is National Library never received a large number of recent Indian publications under the DB Act. We do not know who all are claimed to be Indian publishers. A sizable number of them are ignorant of DB Act obligations. It is also a fact that number of ‘one time authorpublishers’ is also very high (15% – 20%) especially in vernacular languages. The National Library together with the Central Reference Library committed to bring out Indian National Bibliography(INB) based on the books received under the DB Act, similar in format of the British National Bibliography (BNB). However, neither the British Library (formerly British Museum Library) nor the Indian National Library is in any obligation under their respective legal deposit acts to bring out national bibliographies of books thus received under their respective legal deposit acts. . Bandhopadhyay13 points out,’rules and policy adopted are working smoothly for the British Library but similar regulations unexpectedly, failed to work in our case. One has to keep in mind the fact that default in U. K. is an exception rather than general rule unlike in India’. The provision of penalty for default in DB Act of Rs. 50. 00 sounds just notional. Either revise it to a figure e. g. , Rs. 1000. 00 or 4-5 times of the actual market price of single copy, whichever is higher or just make it voluntary, and hope for the best. The reason of suggesting the latter provision is to avoid the highly cumbersome and built-in procedural delay within our legal system. Since 1958 National Library did not take any legal action against one single defaulter till date. In UK and USA penalty clause is not mentioned as the legal deposit provision is covered under the country’s copyright acts. It is because of this factor legal deposit provision is genuinely more effective and acceptable to authors and publishers of these countries. It would be more realistic to suggest that National Library shall receive one copy of every Indian ‘publication’ and the three other regional repository libraries in Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai shall have the right to claim any current publication in their respective regional languages only, delivered free of cost under the revised provisions of the DB Act. The current practice of demanding four copies of every publication to be delivered free of cost to each of 6. Invited Lectures these four libraries (including National Library) failed to meet our expectations. This is in addition to what publishers have to comply with the demands of different state central libraries under the Press and Book Registration Act of 1867. Moreover, a large volume of these books and other publications, thus received, especially language publications that are not so commonly used in some regions are usually being ‘dumped’ or just temporarily stored as these are of ‘no use’ to the library. This is a colossal wastage of national resource. On the other hand it would not be cost effective to make these so to say, ‘unused books’ (four copies of each) routinely processed, provide costly storage space as well as maintaining them for the posterity in four regional libraries. The National Library shall receive one copy for preservation and access only; create bibliographic records for the benefit of all stakeholders. There are several categories of publications e. g. in English, Hindi, Sanskrit and Urdu (EHSU) languages shall find users in other three regional libraries. Let us accept the real time scenario in terms of availability and accessibility for application of information and communication technologies (ICT) within library systems. Bibliographic data of publications received by the National Library under legal deposit legislation will be accessible to others from INB and National Library catalogue / database online. These three libraries shall buy one copy of all selected books in EHSU languages, from any local vendor / publishers. Additional fund annually spend by three libraries on this account shall be reimbursed from a special annual central government grant. The proposed module is based on the British legal deposit act where the British Library, London receives one copy of every book / publication and the other five libraries (Wales National Library, Aberystwyth, Scottish National Library, Edinburgh, Oxford University, Cambridge University and Trinity College, Dublin) obtain direct from the publishers, one copy of every book of their choice, selected from the weekly list of books received in the British Library under the legal deposit act. We made an attempt to get some estimation of the annual cost of books published under these four (EHSU) ‘common languages’ from INB and the National library that would give an idea of the total fund required for the three regional libraries under the revised provision of the Act. All the three libraries receive some annual grant from the central government. The revised provision in the act will also bring some savings in terms of time and resources, as lesser number of books are to be dealt with by the libraries. Sooner than later, it  will be a reality (within a decade or so) of making available a digital copy of an Indian publication by the National Library online, that was not originally selected or received earlier to a library or an individual from its own stock within or outside the country. The technology is already in experimental stage at various levels. Slowly and gradually a large part of Indian publications will be brought out in e-format only, which will also change our current perception of borrowing or consulting a ‘book’ from a conventional library. Till we reach that stage in India and the transitional period of overlap (20 years? ) we shall carry on with both the systems as we are now have both bullock carts as well as a BMW 7e series cars on our roads for transportation. Indian library systems shall take a longer path and time to switch over to reach this goal. Moreover, any change in our library ‘modernization’ programme shall be fully dependent on application of technological innovations resulting in inevitable 14 acceptance of a never ending process. Thomas Abhram in a recent article expressed, â€Å"ebooks will be hugely cheaper with the removal of paper and inventory costs†¦. All things taken into account, books in print format are not certainly going away ever from circulation. And e-books, from a publishing point of view, are a ‘consummation devoutly to be wished’. We in India, specially the National Library are to continue dealing with print copies of books for several decades together with information resources available in e-books and or in any other format. 7 Challenges in Library Management System (CLMS 2012) Table 1: Books in Indian Languages Received in National Library LANGUAGE 2007 08 Assamese Bengali English Gujarati Hindi Kannada Malayalam Marathi Oriya Punjabi Sanskrit Tamil Telugu Urdu Total 97 991 5756 127 2370 687 1500 1400 2661 602 112 3685 248 521 20757 NL/DB Act 2008 – 09 35 1463 5385 348 1722 600 1200 1351 52 576 287 2526 145 304 15994 337 2189 5530 476 1237 877 866 1341 750 000 111 1186 406 292 15598 300 350 450 830 INB (2010) AVERAGE COST. The figures quoted above (Table-1) under Books received by the National Library under DB Act during 2007-08 and 2008-09 and those listed in INB for 2010 (CRL) were obtained from the respective libraries on personal requests. In a paper presented at the NACONAL 2006 by Mandal & Syed Abuzar15 (2006) indicated National Library received about 20,000 books annually during 1990 2002. They claimed the Library received about 30,000 during 2005-06 due to some special drive and about similar number of volumes during 2010-11as recorded in the Annual Report of the Ministry of Culture. Unfortunately we could not get breakdown of figures under each language of 29,875 books received during 2005-06 nor of INB listed figures for 2009 and 2011. The significant gap of Oriya books received during 2007-08 and 2008-09 was due to some special efforts put by the concerned language specialist during 2007. [Note:Average cost of recently published books in English, Hindi, Sanskrit and Urdu (EHSU) languages has been worked out from a sample of books procured by University of Delhi, Central Library, Central Secretariat Library and the U. S. Library of Congress, Book Procurement Centre in Delhi. We made here an estimation of annual additional grant amount to be provided by central government to support the three regional libraries (in Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai) under the proposed revised legal deposit legislation. The National Library shall receive one copy only of every Indian publication free of cost delivered by the publishers, and the three regional public libraries are to purchase one copy of any book (in EHSU languages) selected by a library from open market. The three libraries are entitled, under the law, to receive free of cost, one copy of a book published in respective regional languages. It is estimated that each library shall selectively acquire per year about 30,000 new Indian publications (10,000 EHSU + 20,000 in respective regional languages) out of about 90,000 books published annually. It means, central government shall reimburse annually the cost of 30,000 books in EHSU languages where average cost of a set of four EHSU books is Rs. 2000 or Rs. 60 million (30,000 x2000 = 60,000,000). In addition, another 10m (Rs. 10,000,000) would be required to cover annual subscription cost of EHSU periodicals and newspapers. Thus we reach an estimated figure of Rs. 70m or 7crore (add another 10% 8 Invited Lectures annually for inflation). These figures are being presented to get some idea of the extra cost we propose to pass on to the central government exchequer. ] If this revised guidelines are adopted in our legal deposit act (now under revision) by taking over the extra burden of book fund of the three regional libraries by the central exchequer then we could surely expect of getting better cooperation from the publishing fraternity in fulfilling their responsibilities towards the provisions of the revised act. Group of publishers bringing out EHSU language publications are to supply only TWO free copies, like all other publishers, one to the National Library and the other to Parliament Library. The only sensible expectation of the publishers from the CRL / National Library is to bring out a comprehensive, up to date online INB, listing all currently published titles thus received under the act and provide facilities of easy access to the readers within a reasonable time frame. Under the revised provision of the act, there is a strong opinion that Chennai based Connemara Public Library shall receive one copy free of cost, of every publication in Dravidian languages (e. g. Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu). Similarly Central Library, Mumbai shall receive books in all western Indian languages, such as Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, etc. , and Delhi Public Library shall get publications in Punjabi, Kashmiri, etc. as commonly spoken in the three respective regions. National Library is to receive one copy of all the publications. In addition to the respective regional languages publications these three libraries shall purchase one copy of publications of their choice, in English, Hindi, Sanskrit and Urdu (EHSU), from publishers / local vendors. Total annual cost of this category of publications shall be reimbursed from central exchequer. With the introduction of advanced network technologies, libraries shall be benefitted for not to process (Catalogue / classify highest cost factor) these books as relevant data can be downloaded from INB. The second alternative is to incorporate legal deposit provision within the revised copyright legislation as done in the USA and UK. It is possible to reduce the number of defaulting Indian publishers to bare minimum. Only very recently the National Library claimed to have increased intake of publications under the Act by extensive promotional work through the media and sending direct appeal to publishers that have helped it in bringing more and more publishers within the DB Act net. Secondly, if the total number of copies of each title (an average of seven copies) under both PR and DB Acts could be drastically reduced to minimum two only, there is a hope of getting full support and cooperation of Indian publishers to go by the rule book. Third and the most important factor is to make INB up to date and bring it out at regular frequency (monthly! ) with the target of putting it online within a scheduled time frame. What we need is determination and political will to make the India’s National Library the effective hub of Indian library systems. Similarly, there are several other issues, listed below, which also require attention by both the National Library and appropriate government agencies that shall help in making India proud of its National Library. Central Reference Library (CRL): In 1971 administration of the CRL was separated from the National Library by making it a subordinate office under the Department of Culture. This was an ideal opportunity we missed, for shifting the CRL to Delhi. In the middle of 1970s Central Government created a new wing of the Central Secretariat Library (CSL) and named it as Tulsi Sadan Library to collect and provide access exclusively to all Indian language (excluding English) publications, to commemorate the 400th year of Tulsidasa (of Ramcharitmanas fame). CSL could have been merged with CRL and allowed it to operate from some temporary location till a permanent ‘home’ could be found or built at the proposed site opposite to the National Museum on 9 Challenges in Library Management System (CLMS 2012) Janpath, originally proposed by Edwin Lutyens. CRL would have been the natural choice of declaring it as the fourth recipient public library in Delhi, under the DBAct (instead of making the Delhi Public Library with reluctance, during the 1970s). Ministry of Culture is now under heavy pressure for shifting the Central Secretariat Library out of Shastri Bhavan complex due to severe space crunch and security issues. It is a fact that CSL has lost its original objective of serving information needs of all central secretariat units. Today all the ministries are having their own libraries with specialized collections to cater their respective information needs. It now serves as a general reading room for Shastri Bhavan employees. Reading for pleasure is not so common with the government employees. Central Secretariat Library is administratively a subordinate office of the Ministry of Culture. A large section of its regular visitors, viz. postgraduate students and research scholars have stopped visiting the library due to overwhelming security checks involved in getting through Shastri Bhavan. Recently several thousand volumes of its rich older collections were being disposed under executive orders to make room for babus of the Ministry. It could have been easier to find a suitable location for CRL (incorporating CSL) in Delhi during 1970s. Attempts were also being made during the 1970s and 1980s to merge the CRL with the National Library but these were also stalled by staff associations of the two libraries. During this period, management of the National Library was weak as a result, library service also suffered considerably. Central government in Delhi continued to be indecisive in taking appropriate steps while local library administration in Kolkata failed to deal with the day to day issues in any effective manner. It was more of a failure of the management both at the operational as well as policy making levels. The government allowed the National Library to drift away in the absence of any suitable action plan in place to overcome the crisis. Nor there was any move or pressure from any other corner – library professionals, media or library users’ group. This long drawn uncertainty and lack of effective management control within the National Library campus directly affected services and administration of Central Reference Library thereby putting publication of INB also on the back burner. Indian National Bibliography (INB): It started in 1958 following the British National Bibliography (BNB) format. To overcome the complexity of multi-script languages it adopted Romanization of all scripts with the descriptive part of each entry in English. This has created problems for many who are not familiar with Roman script or English language. The job of printing INB monthly issues was given exclusively to the Government of India Press in Kolkata that failed to realise, from the beginning, the importance of maintaining the production and delivery schedule. After years of persuasion by CRL the Ministry allowed printing of INB through private press. Cataloguing of every title, received by the National Library under BD Act, is first to be acknowledged by the Library then sent to CRL on record, where it will be catalogued once according to INB practices and then books shall be sent back to the National Library for re-cataloguing according to its own specified rules followed by due processing for storage. This long drawn administrative procedural factors and duplication of cataloguing  process have claimed to be a major cause of delay from the date of receipt of the publication to the time its record is found in INB followed by making it available to readers of National Library This delay factor has also indirectly discouraged publishers to follow the DB Act guidelines strictly on the pretext of not finding INB to be a regular and up to date periodical either as a reliable check list of current Indian publications or a selection tool for libraries and other stakeholders; nor their publications are found in any bibliographic record of the National Library on time. National Library takes its own time, sometime nearly two years, to allow access to the books received under the DB Act. Importance of promotion and marketing of INB did never get much support from the concerned authorities. Adoption of appropriate technologies at 10 Invited Lectures different levels of administration and access to resources has been continuously lagged behind. Most national libraries of the world are having full responsibilities of preserving and allowing access to their collections by providing adequate indexing and other access tools, e.  g. national bibliographies, subject bibliographies, annotated catalogues of special collections, many of these are now accessible online on their respective websites. We must allow the National Library for setting up National Bibliographic Division with full control of bringing out INB and to provide other bibliographic services covering pan-India in appropriate standardized formats, as required from time to time. By taking full advantage of technological advances supported by a group of committed well qualified staff the Library would be able to help in both improving and widening the scope of services to individuals as well as to provide back-up services to a large number of academic and public libraries in and outside the country. For example, the day Indian libraries in general adopt the same processing format for all new titles listed in INB,India can claim to have won half the battle in modernizing our library services and systems. Without going into details one can only highlight the fact of centralized processing initiated and applied in most national libraries which have directly and indirectly helped respective library systems of these countries. We are well aware of the fact that both the CRL and INB are as if, linked with the DB Act by an umbilical cord that needs to be focused and dealt with separately for a drastic revision. Proposals l l Title of the revised act may be â€Å"Delivery of Publications (National Library) Act. Definition of Publications shall include – all printed documents, such as, books, periodicals, serials, newspapers, e-publications including audio books, CD books, DVDs and digital online publications and /or any other reformatted or original document produced for commercial distribution, e. g. microform documents. Only one copy of all publications shall be delivered free of charge, direct to the National Library of India (or at an address specified by the Library). The act shall also make adequate provision for the three regional libraries based in Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai to receive on.   

The End Of The World War I - 2100 Words

World War I, which lasted from 1914 to 1918, was one of the bloodiest wars in the history of the world, its horrors surpassed only by World War II. The start of the war can be traced back to the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in June 1918 by Gavrilo Princip, a member of a Bosnian Serb rebel group wishing to liberate ethnically Serbian parts of Bosnia from the Austro-Hungarian Empire and integrate them with the neighboring Kingdom of Serbia. The assassination led to a cascade of events which ended in full scale conflict in Europe and other parts of the world between the Allied Powers, consisting of most notably France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Japan, Italy and later in the war, the United States, and the Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. The war ended four years later with the defeat of the Central Powers. The Treaty of Versailles drafted in 1919, was one of the numerous attempts by the Allied Powers to achieve revenge on Germany and dismantle its economy. The treaty caused great unrest in Germany and dissatisfaction with the nascent postwar German government, the Weimar Republic. The unrest and dissatisfaction led to the rise of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP or Nazi Party) and its intent to destroy and replace the Weimar Republic. The aftermath of World War I, including the treatment of Germans by the Allied Powers through the Treaty of Versailles led to a rise in radical German nationalismShow MoreRelatedThe End Of World War I : The End Of World War One815 Words   |  4 PagesThere are 816 words On November 11, 1918, the two sides of the war signed an agreement that was to be put to action at eleven oclock that same day. Two minutes before the armistice agreement would be put into play, Private George Price was shot and killed by a German sniper’s bullet in the French village of Ville-sur-Haine. Seconds later,at precisely at eleven a.m., all weapons and guns stopped. Soldiers and officers got up from their trenches and dugouts, bowed, and left the battlefield.Read MoreThe End Of World War I875 Words   |  4 PagesThe years following the end of World War I were a time of transition, leaving behind in its trail of destruction several devastated nations and historic changes that could not have been foreseen. Harsh treaties were imposed upon the defeated nations by the victorious western powers. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Turkey and Bulgaria were stripped of substantial territories and significant war reparations were imposed (Brower and Sanders 64 – 65). The United States of America retreated from EuropeanRead MoreThe End Of World War I969 Words   |  4 Pagesmarketed the end of World War I. 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The Treaty of Versailles was drafted or created by the representatives of Great Britain, Japan, theRead MoreThe End Of World War I Enhanced Americans1020 Words   |  5 PagesThe end of World War I enhanced Americans’ confidence in their country as well as in themselves. The 1920s brought about flappers, the Charleston, and a radical turn of the century. During these 10 years, society’s disposition began to change to fit the newer, more youthful movements. The Harlem Renaissance caused an uproar of newfound interest in literature, music, art, and black culture. Jazz music became popular, more black writers such as Zora Neale Hurston came to prominence, and dancers like

Human Trafficking Examining The Why Of Modern Day Slavery

Human Trafficking: Examining the Why of Modern-Day Slavery Abstract The paper focuses on human trafficking which can be considered as modern day slavery. The paper will mainly focus on human trafficking in the United States and globe wise as well as its effects and how this can be prevented. Actual statistics from credible sources and government sources will be used and cited where necessary. The paper will also try which school of thought for crime can best used to describe human trafficking. The paper will focus on the forms of human trafficking and how they are carried out. Introduction Based on the historical past of the United States, many would believe that slavery is in fact a thing of the past and out of sight, out mind;†¦show more content†¦Human trafficking entails the trade of human beings with an aim to exploit them for sexual slavery, forced labor as well as commercial sex services. In some worst case scenario human trafficking results in the death of the victims who at times undergo extraction of tissues and organs. In short human trafficking can be described as a modern day slavery. Human trafficking can be carried out within the confine of a country or state and can as well be carried out trans-nationally. Human trafficking is best described as the illegal trade of people without necessitating actual movement of people from one place to another. Thus trafficking can be distinguished from smuggling by the fact that smuggling involves travel while trafficking persons are held against their consent and will and forced to work or offer services t o the trafficker or other people. Consequently smuggling is a crime against the state while human trafficking is classified as a crime against humanity. According to Californian Legislature they define human trafficking as â€Å"all acts involved in the recruitment, abduction, transport, harboring, transfer, sale or receipt of person, within or across national or across international borders, through force, coercion, fraud or deception, to place persons in situations of slavery or slavery like conditions, forced labor or services, such as forced

Social Networking And Its Effect On Society - 917 Words

Advancing technology has played a part in the new methods of communication and with being very social creatures, who experiment with new ways of socializing, have found a new way to connect. Social Networking websites have changed how the world connects with friends and family, changing from the traditional ways of connecting with others like face-to-face connections. Many concerned themselves that social networking friendships centered on expectations that sites such as Facebook, Myspace, Twitter, and more would be used primarily to build online friendships between physically separated individuals lacking face-to-face interactions. These sources are becoming what people rely on to meet and stay in touch with friends and family. Shannon Vallor in Social Networking and Ethics states that â€Å"Within five years of Facebook’s launch, . . . a significant majority of SNS users were relying on these sites primarily to maintain and enhance relationships . . . with whom they also ha d a strong offline connection†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2015). Has social media become an alternative way people communicate instead of face-to-face interactions? Technology has advanced to a point where people can communicate through a computer in such websites like Facebook, Myspace, and more. Has this created an alternative way of communicating with friends and taking away from face-to-face conversations? According to Lisa M. Flaherty (1998), a widely cited scholar in the field of communications, computer-mediatedShow MoreRelatedSocial Networking and Effects on Society1326 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Networking and Effects on Society Wouldn’t you say that online social networking has changed the way society interacts with friends, family and perfect strangers. When someone exposes themselves to these sites, they open the door to allow these people into their lives. Some of them you would have passed on the street and not even thought of befriending. These people you have chosen to interact with, whether they are in your city, another state, another country or just someone you met onlineRead MoreSocial Networking And Its Effect On Society1303 Words   |  6 Pagestechnology, online social networking has taken on society by storm. Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr, and Instagram are just to name a few of the objects of mass consumption and insatiable obsession. 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AlthoughRead MoreSocial Networking And Its Effect On Society1997 Words   |  8 Pagesmodern times, technological advancement has greatly improved the social benefits within society. A vastly growing percentage of young people across America are growing more proficient in using the internet for communication across their country to international regions. In the year 2009, a national survey was conducted for individuals between the ages of eight to eighteen years, where the average time adolescents spent on any form of social media was more than 7.5 hours of a day. Once the average timeRead MoreSocial Networking And Its Effects On Society3236 Words   |  13 Pages When we hear the word â€Å"social networking† what comes to mind is: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Myspace, OoVoo and so on. While accessing these trendy resources, we can interact with others by messaging, video chatting, live streaming, instant chatting and overall fast pace communication. 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Being able to keep current with one s personal group quickly and easily is one ofRead MoreThe Effects of Social Networking upon Society1100 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Introduction: Social networking is a network of sites is very effective in facilitating social life among a group of acquaintances and friends , and enable old friends to connect to each other and after a long year , and enable them to also communicate the visual and audio and share images and other possibilities that solidified social relationship between them. Featured social networking such as : ( Facebook – WatsApp - Twitter – Skype - MySpace - LIVE Boone - Hi- Five - Orkut - Tagd - YouTubeRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Networking On Society1767 Words   |  8 PagesThe Effects of Social Networking Social networking websites (further referred to as SNS) are web based platforms in which people connect to other individuals that they already have a real-life connection to, locate individuals they have shared interests with, and they allow users to share information with others such as photographs, life events and thoughts. Being able to keep current with one s personal group quickly and easily is one of the reasons SNS have become so mainstream (McKensie 436)

Hospitality Marketing Of Lakeview Paradise-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Tourism and Hospitality Marketing Of Lakeview Paradise. Answer: Introduction Tourism and hospitality industry is rapidly evolving in the new era of technology and technological integration. In todays era, the industry seems to be going through a period of transition despite forecasts showing economic obscurity (Kim et al., 2015). Apart from that, people around the globe have displayed increased inclination towards traveling. According to many reports, tourism industry in todays world is the considered the fastest growing industry. It is therefore common that products and services associated with the industry are employing advanced marketing techniques. The essay provides a detailed overview of the marketing concept in terms of tourism and hospitality industry. Then, it will provide an overview of the organization chosen for the purpose, which is Lakeview Paradise in Queenstown, New Zealand. The essay will further give details about the ways to market the services of the organization. It will then explain the factors that affect marketing in this industry and the factors explaining marketing strategy. Marketing concept within tourism and hospitality industry As mentioned already, tourism and hospitality industry have rapidly evolved due to the advance in technology and technological integration (Hopkins, 2015). Therefore, the concept of marketing that was previously confined to industries like fashion and so on has penetrated into the tourism industry as well. Marketing within this industry provides unique challenges to the marketers, as they are required to sell services instead of goods. It is well-known to marketing experts that selling goods and selling services and memories have a huge demarcation. Kandampully, Zhang and Bilgihan (2015) explain the concept of marketing within this industry by stating that hospitality involves selling of both intangible and tangible services. Strategies for marketing the tangible services are easier but preparing strategies for selling intangible services involve thorough and extensive research. Lakeview Paradise, the holiday home, situates itself in Queenstown, New Zealand. It provides a garden and a terrace. The holiday home also provides free Wi-Fi. Lakeview has its name from the fact that visitors could have a direct view of the nearby lake and mountain from the terrace. This stand-alone holiday home provides five bedrooms with two living areas and two bathrooms. In addition, the holiday home has a fully equipped kitchen, washing machine and free toiletries for the guests. Overview of the organization Lakeview Paradise is located in close proximity to the Skyline Gondola and Luge at only 2.9 kilometers in distance. It has good transportations facility as well with Queenstown Airport being only nine kilometers away. It ranks amongst the best places to visit in New Zealand. The products and services offered by Lakeview Paradise have already been partially mentioned in the previous section. Apart from that, the holiday home has barbeque facilities and laundry services as well. The holiday home has not been marketed properly and hence very few tourists know about it. The unique selling point of Lakeview Paradise is however, the ultimate serenity it offers to the residents. In addition, the holiday home has the advantage of being located in an area that has close proximity to historical places of New Zealand especially Lake Wakatipu. Marketing of the services In order to provide a good marketing to Lakeview, it is important to understand first, the demographics and the target market (Weaver, 2015). New Zealand is closest to Australia that shelters one of the best resorts and hotels in the world and hence it hosts innumerable tourists from around the world. Targeting this market initially would be a better strategy for Lakeview to commence. The first thing that has to be done to market the USP of Lakeview is to promote it through advertisements in print and broadcast media. However, that would require the management to invest heavily. In this case, the management should utilize the social media effectively. A Facebook page dedicated entirely to Lakeview should be opened where images and videos showing the Wakatipu Lake and the nearby mountains could be posted. As the second step, Lakeview should make use of its proximity to Skyline Gondola by collaborating with it in dual promotion. The customers visiting the restaurant can be distributed ad pamphlets of Lakeview Paradise at the restaurant. Factors affecting marketing The marketing strategy cannot succeed without analyzing the marketing environment. In order to make the strategy work better, PEST analysis would serve as a good technique. PESTLE political, economic, social and technological provides an overall analysis of the external environment that might affect a company or an organization. Political factor New Zealand does not have strict regulatory rules that could hinder any business and hence, it would not cause any hindrance to the promotion of Lakeview Paradise (Sun, Zhang Ryan, 2015). Economic In terms of economy, New Zealand is heavily dependent on trading relations with other countries. This makes the countrys economy weaker in comparison to the neighboring countries (Peters, Hamilton Eames, 2015). This might prove a hindrance to the marketing of Lakeview Paradise, as it would require a strong financial support. Social New Zealand is home to a variety of culture and this proves both a hindrance and opportunity for the tourism and hospitality industry (Nzherald.co.nz, 2018). The constant but subtle conflict between the mainstream New Zealanders and the Indigenous people often causes loss to businesses. Technological The increase in the use of technology by tourists around the world make it possible for hotels and holiday homes to expand their business (Leung, Bai Stahura, 2015). Factors explaining marketing strategy In their book titled Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism, Kotler et al. (2016) explain the need for marketing in tourism and hospitality. The authors highlight the various factors that work together to produce a solid marketing plan for the concerned industry. They mention that each hospitality department plays a crucial role in promoting the company. Prior to preparing the marketing strategy, it is important to analyze the consumer behavior. Consumer behavior refers to the buying behavior of consumers involving decisions before and after buying the service, activities and so on (Cohen, Prayag Moital, 2014). Management of Lakeview Paradise must understand the changing needs of consumers in the modern world. Marketing campaign is a factor that might influence or help the consumer buys the service of Lakeview Paradise. Advertisement plays an important role in influencing the buying behavior of the consumer. Economic condition is another factor on which the buying decision of consumer depends. A consumer makes buying decision based on the limit of his or her budget and the economic environment of the concerned country. Consumers personal preferences also influence their buying decision. The morals, values, likes, dislikes and priorities define the buying decision of consumers. In case of Lakeview Paradise, the management can target the local New Zealanders initially as they would know the buying decisions of the people. As Kotler et al. (2016) mention, the marketing strategy must be customer-driven creating value for the customer. The purchasing capacity of consumers also plays an important role in influencing the buying decision. Consumers generally evaluate their purchasing power prior to the buying decision (Kandampully, Zhang Bilgihan, 2015). Utilizing the power of social media as a tool for marketing strategy will help Lakeview Paradise in assisting the consumers buying behavior. Kotler et al. (2016) in their book have mentioned the importance of managing customer information in order to achieve customer insights. In the contemporary age, collecting customer information has become easier for companies as the social media has emerged rapidly in recent years. Knowledge management is the term that is used to explain this phenomenon (Orchiston Higham, 2016). With the integration of technology, consumers now have the power to choose the services of their choice through one click in their smart phones. Business too have benefitted greatly from this (Schuckert, Liu Law, 2015). Lakeview Paradise can utilize this opportunity by advertising in social media or by creating a personal app for the consumers to view and interact with the management for a better experience. Conclusion It thus can be stated that marketing in the tourism and hospitality industry has evolved remarkably over the past few decades. The tangible and intangible services and products offered by the industry are now marketed through proper channels. Previously, the tourism and hospitality industry had limited scope in terms of attracting consumers through proper marketing but now the scenario has changed. With the use of modern technologies like mobile applications and social media platforms, hotels, resorts, holiday homes and other such tourism and hospitality companies connect with possible consumers directly. The essay provided a detailed analysis of the concept of marketing within the said industry. Lakeview Paradise, Queenstown, a holiday home in New Zealand was chosen for explaining marketing concept in the hospitality and tourism industry. The essay presented an external environmental analysis of the chosen company as factors that may help or hinder the marketing strategy. Consumer b ehavior was also explained to provide an understanding of the factors that assist buyer decision in buying the services References: Cohen, S. A., Prayag, G., Moital, M. (2014). Consumer behaviour in tourism: Concepts, influences and opportunities.Current Issues in Tourism,17(10), 872-909. Hopkins, D. (2015). Applying a comprehensive contextual climate change vulnerability framework to New Zealands tourism industry.Ambio,44(2), 110-120. Kandampully, J., Zhang, T., Bilgihan, A. (2015). Customer loyalty: a review and future directions with a special focus on the hospitality industry.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,27(3), 379-414. Kim, M. J., Chung, N., Lee, C. K., Preis, M. W. (2015). Motivations and use context in mobile tourism shopping: Applying contingency and tasktechnology fit theories.International Journal of Tourism Research,17(1), 13-24. Kotler, P., Bowen, J., Makens, J., Baloglu, S. (2016).Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism(7th ed.). Pearson. Leung, X. Y., Bai, B., Stahura, K. A. (2015). The marketing effectiveness of social media in the hotel industry: A comparison of Facebook and Twitter.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research,39(2), 147-169. Nzherald.co.nz. (2018).Growing appetite for eating out and tourism fuel hospitality surge.NZ Herald. Retrieved 24 April 2018, from https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3objectid=12038599 Orchiston, C., Higham, J. E. S. (2016). Knowledge management and tourism recovery (de) marketing: the Christchurch earthquakes 20102011.Current Issues in Tourism,19(1), 64-84. Peters, M. A., Hamilton, D., Eames, C. (2015). Action on the ground: a review of community environmental groups restoration objectives, activities and partnerships in New Zealand.New Zealand Journal of Ecology,39(2), 179-189. Schuckert, M., Liu, X., Law, R. (2015). Hospitality and tourism online reviews: Recent trends and future directions.Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing,32(5), 608-621. Sun, M., Zhang, X., Ryan, C. (2015). Perceiving tourist destination landscapes through Chinese eyes: The case of South Island, New Zealand.Tourism Management,46, 582-595. Weaver, A. (2015). Target markets as working archetypes: Classifying consumers at Tourism New Zealand.Journal of Vacation Marketing,21(2), 163-174.

Tone at the Top free essay sample

Enron: Tone at the Top The fall of Enron is not just one of the largest bankruptcies in U. S. history, but in my opinion, a landmark case study of the lack of business ethics in an organization. Enron’s downfall, along with the demise of Arthur Andersen, one of the largest public accounting firms at the time, brought about a swift change in U. S. regulations governing how publicly traded companies reported their financials. While the top brass at Enron pled ignorance to the fact that they had no control of what was happening at the employee level, there was ample evidence that they were indeed, the architects behind the series of unethical practices that went on in the organization. Enron, one of the largest corporations in America and once ranked Fortune magazine’s â€Å"Most Admired Companies† went down in 2001 after they were exposed of defrauding their investors in a series of creative ways. We will write a custom essay sample on Tone at the Top or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Enron was known for being an innovative company in the energy, technology space but much of their innovation seemed to lie in how they managed to hide their debts and cover their losses through unscrupulous means. They would book hypothetical profits on projects and joint ventures that had not yet launched and on the day a deal was signed. They would hide their debts through the use of complex Special Purpose Entities (SPEs). They would solicit support from top tier investment banks by giving them lucrative deals to work on. All this and more was conducted with one clear objective in mind: to make as much money as possible through manipulation. Everyone was happy as long as there was money to be made. Ethics was out the window. Manipulating financial books and records, exploiting deregulated markets became their predominant strategy -all in the name of maximizing profits and pushing up the company’s stock price. When indicted, the chief executives of Enron, Kenneth Lay (former Chairman and CEO) and Jeffrey Skilling (CEO), amongst others, continually denied their involvement. Their defense was that it is impossible for them to keep track of what their managers and employees were doing and they could not possibly be responsible for that. Unfortunately, that is not a good enough answer for all the people who lost millions of their pensions and personal wealth due to this so called â€Å"ignorance†. However, if it was indeed the case that the executives had conducted themselves with integrity and honesty in the past, and it was their ignorance and incompetence that led to this mishap, it still would not be acceptable. The executives have a responsibility to the company and to the shareholders. Saying that they didn’t know is an unacceptable excuse. The chief executives are quick to take credit for a company’s success and are revered for their exemplary leadership. Similarly, in a situation where a company is performing poorly or engaging in illegal activities, (with or without the executives being aware) the executives are to shoulder the blame for their poor leadership. In Enron’s case though, it wasn’t just that a couple of rogue executives got together and brought the company down because of their individual greed. The unbridled greed and hubris, in my opinion and in the opinions of my classmates during our discussion, was brewed at the top and served to the employees below. The executives lead by example. The root of the greed was the ‘macho culture’, the high risk taking antics that Skilling created at Enron by the dirt biking and hunting expeditions that he would organize with his friends and company executives. This aggressive, overtly masculine mentality was exemplified when one of the traders in the documentary â€Å"Enron: Smartest Guys in the Room† mentioned how that if going ahead meant ‘stomping on someone’s throat’, they were willing to do it. They were hungry and they were in it to win, and this spurred them to engage in various unethical activities that otherwise would not happened had Skilling been more conservative and risk averse in his approach. His push for mark-to–market accounting methods in the company was an example of the pure arrogance displayed by the top brass: Enron would book profits for projects they had just signed a deal on without even implementing them! Kenneth Lay was no model of perfection either. The Valhalla scandal involving Enron Oil where he purposefully hid the company’s losses from investors should have served as a warning sign that he was not one to be trusted. He turned a blind eye to many unethical practices as long as he, and the company, was making money. They were purely focused on the bottom line and were willing to go down any avenue to achieve it. This aggressive attitude, this hunger to constantly keep ‘winning’ was unsustainable through ethical business practices, which was why Enron went down the wrong path. With these two xecutives at the helm, it’s no wonder Andrew Fastow thought he could misappropriate funds for his own use (and use SPEs to cover company debts); that the traders could call up power plants in California and ask them to shut off power so they could make profits! Skilling’s ego combined with Lay’s greed was the perfect catalyst to initiate a series of illegal activities at Enron. But why didn’t anyone step forward for so long? Because personal gain took precedence over ethics and morals? One interesting way to look at is through the Milgram Experiment. In the psychology experiment conducted by Stanley Milgram, in which participants were told it was perfectly okay to administer almost lethal shocks to another person (an actor was used) in a make believe ‘learning’ experiment and they would be absolved of any resulting consequences. While the participants expressed concern, it turned out that over 50% of participants were willing to deliver the final, massive shocks to the other person. The situation was set up so that the participant was told that it was required to administer the shocks and was also assured that nothing would happen to them. This means that over 50% of the participants were fine with shocking a person to death if they were told from an authoritative figure that it was okay to do so. They were fine with foregoing their personal morals and ethics and willing because it came from a legitimate source. The same logic applies to Enron. Because the top executives paved the way from the top (mark-to-market accounting, SPEs etc. ), the mid managers and traders were able to conduct their unethical practices with ease. All morals were set aside because the lure of profit was not easy to resist and that was fine, because that’s what the top executives wanted their employees to solely focus on – make money for the company. The executives, through their own activities, and the culture they created, had created this illusion that the employees would not be reprimanded for all the unscrupulous activities they were engaging in. Employees legitimized their actions primarily because they felt they had the authority to do so. The end result? One of the biggest bankruptcies in US history.