Impacts of a Borderless Society

| A Borderless Society| Impacts of a borderless society| | Courtney BrownSC300 †Big Ideas in Science: From Methods to MutationKaplan University| 3/12/2013| | When it comes to time to plunk down and eat a feast, there a few unique things that I consider when I attempt to choose what to eat. The primary thing is how ravenous am I? The subsequent thing is what sort of food do I need; chicken, steak, a sandwich? The exact opposite thing I consider is to what extent it will take me for me to prepare the supper. In any case, the thing I never consider is the place does the food I’m eating come from?I’m going to dissect one dinner that I have eaten today, a cheeseburger and potato serving of mixed greens. At the point when my family makes potato plate of mixed greens, it typically comprises of potatoes, onions, and bacon. Potatoes are the main vegetable yield in the United States, contributing about 15% of homestead deals (Jerardo, 2012). Over half of potato deals passage to processor for French fries, chips and other potato items (Jerardo, 2012). Western states, for example, Idaho, Washington, and Colorado produce 66% of fall potatoes with Idaho and Washington representing over portion of the United States all out (Jerardo, 2012).Potatoes are normally gathered inside two classifications, new and handling. Preparing potatoes at that point get separated into, solidified (French fries), chips, dried out or canned (Jerardo, 2012). We generally utilize the new potatoes when making the serving of mixed greens. US ranchers plant around 125,000 sections of land of onions every year and produce around 6. 2 billion pounds per year (National Onion Association, 2011). The best 3 delivering conditions of onions are Washington (22,828 sections of land), Idaho-Eastern Oregon (21,000 sections of land) and California (17,850 sections of land) (National Onion Association, 2011).Approximately 170 nations develop onions for their own local use, anyway many are engaged with worldwide exchange (National Onion Association, 2011). The top driving nations for onion creation are China, India, United States, Turkey and Pakistan; they mean 8% of worldwide onion creation (National Onion Association, 2011). In the wake of exploring, I accept that the best way to get onions is having them new in the produce area of your market. Bacon is in all likelihood my most adored piece of the potato serving of mixed greens. Who doesn’t love bacon, right?The two primary strategies for restoring bacon are siphoning and dry relieving. Siphoned bacon has restoring fixings that are infused legitimately into the meat to accelerate the relieving procedure and include mass (US Department of Agriculture, 2011). Dry restored bacon has a premeasured measure of fix blend applied or scoured on the bacon surface. This relieving stage takes as long as about fourteen days to finish (US Department of Agriculture, 2011). They likewise produce natural and characteristic bacon (U S Department of Agriculture, 2011). Iowa, conveying 29% of the United States piece of the pie (Perman, 2012).The burger can be made such a large number of various ways from the fixings that go on it to what it is made out of. The meat of the burger can be made out of ground hamburger, toss, and sirloin, etc. We buy our hamburger from Wal-Mart stores however can't discover on where they hold their meat from. The greatest advantage of having this kind of food market would need to be rivalry. In today’s world regardless of what you do; you generally appear to be in rivalry with someone. In the event that an individual is in secondary school they are contending to get the best grades, on the off chance that you are at your particular employment you might be seeking a promotion.In the food advertise today, everyone is continually searching at the best cost and with such a large number of various sources to get your provisions; each organization will be hoping to get your business. Consequently if individuals utilize their item for an empty measure of cash and they are fulfilled, they are going to educate somebody regarding it then they will conceivably increase another client. One of this detriments of having a market like this is on the grounds that there are such a large number of various hotspots for individuals to utilize, organizations can overlook the consumer.Some organizations perhaps believe that since they are selling their items for less cash, that they can compromise and not utilize the best supplies to make their items. This may entice the buyer to go to another organization and pay somewhat more however they will have a superior item coming out of it. We are getting into a period where individuals are beginning to focus more to the amount they are spending, what they are escaping going through that cash and if it’s even worth paying for it.People wherever are beginning to either develop their own food or are beginning to search for priva tely developed food so they know nothing is going to hurt them; which the expression â€Å"Think Globally, Act Locally† becomes an integral factor. This expression is fundamentally attempting to pass on that we have to begin pondering what we put into this world and how we deal with it. In spite of the fact that exchanging and selling merchandise with different nations is something to be thankful for, remaining neighborhood will eliminate contamination noticeable all around. Nowadays it is getting intense with the costs of everything rising so staying locally will likewise profit the ranchers in the area.Before this task I never truly thought of the effect that my decisions of where I purchased my food can make. Regardless of whether only one progressively an individual daily decided to purchase something locally, I accept that they can have a colossal effect all inclusive. I live in a modest community that doesn’t have numerous supermarkets that sell privately develop ed food. We do anyway have a farmer’s advertise that comes to town for around two months among September and November; so when that opportunity arrives everybody takes advantage.Unfortunately some other season, we need to fall back on going to Wal-Mart or target. I do accept that privately developed food is the best approach; there are such a large number of advantages of it like being more advantageous for you and more beneficial for the earth and you realize that the nearby ranchers didn't utilize any synthetic concoctions. I imagine that on the off chance that one individual ordinary chose to purchase locally than we can make the earth more advantageous. References Jerardo, A. (2012). Vegetables and heartbeats: Potatoes. Recovered from http://www. ers. usda. ov/subjects/crops/vegetables-beats/potatoes. aspx National Onion Association. (2011). About onions. Recovered from http://www. onions usa. organization/about onions/where-how-onions-are-developed US Department of Agric ulture. (2011). Bacon and sanitation. Recovered from http://www. fsis. usda. gov/factsheets/Bacon_and_Food_Safety/file. asp Perman, C. (2012). Bacon the travel industry: From the Davos of bacon to bacon mecca. Recovered from http://www. cnbc. com/id/47537540/Bacon_Tourism_From_the_Davos_of_Bacon_to_Bacon_Mecca

Carrie Chapter Five Free Essays

She would not break this time. Obviously she broke. It took six hours however she broke, sobbing and considering Momma to open the entryway and let her out. We will compose a custom article test on Carrie Chapter Five or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now The need to pee was horrendous. The Black Man smiled at her with his jackal mouth, and his red eyes knew all the privileged insights of lady blood. An hour after Carrie started to call, Momma let her out. Carrie scrabbled frantically for the restroom. It was just now, three hours from that point onward, staying here with her head bowed over the sewing machine like a contrite, that she recalled the dread in Momma’s eyes and she thought she knew the motivation behind why. There had been different occasions when Momma had saved her in the storeroom for up to a day at a stretch-when she took that forty-nine-penny finger ring from Shuber’s Five and Ten, the time she had discovered that image of Flash Bobby Pickett under Carrie’s pad †and Carrie had once blacked out from the absence of food and the smell of her own waste. Also, she had never, never spoken back as she had done today. Today she had even said the Eff Word. However Momma had let her out nearly when she broke. There. The dress was finished. She expelled her feet from the treadle and held it up to take a gander at it. It was long. What's more, appalling. She loathed it. She knew why Momma had allowed her to out. ‘Momma, may I go to bed?’ ‘Yes.’ Momma didn't turn upward from her doily. She collapsed the dress over her arm. She looked down at the sewing machine. At the same time the treadle discouraged itself. The needle started to plunge all over, getting the light in steely flashes. The bobbin hummed and jolted. The sidewheel spun. Momma’s head snapped up, her eyes wide. The circled grid at the edge of her doily, brilliantly complicated at this point simultaneously as exact and even, out of nowhere fell in disorder. ‘Only clearing the thread,’ Carrie said delicately. ‘Go to bed,’ Momma said abruptly, and the dread was back in her eyes. ‘Yes, (she was apprehensive i’d thump the storeroom entryway directly off its pivots) Momma,’ (what's more, I figure I would i be able to figure I could yes I figure I could) From The Shadow Exploded (p. 58): Margaret White was brought up in Motton, an unassuming community which outskirts Chamberlain and sends its educational cost understudies to Chamberlain’s junior and senior secondary schools. Her folks were genuinely wealthy; they possessed a prosperous night spot simply outside the Motton town limits called The Jolly Roadhouse. Margaret’s father, John Brigham, was slaughtered in a saloon shooting occurrence in the late spring of 1959. Margaret Brigham, who was then very nearly thirty, started going to fundamentalist supplication gatherings. Her mom had gotten associated with a renewed person (Harold Alison, whom she later wedded) and the two of them needed Margaret out of the house-she trusted her mom, Judith, and Harold Alison were living in wrongdoing and made her perspectives known often. Judith Brigham anticipated that her little girl should stay an old maid a mind-blowing remainder. In the more impactful diction of her prospective stepfather, ‘Margaret had a face like the ass end of a fuel truck and a body to match.’ He likewise alluded to her as ‘a little prayin’ Jesus.’ Margaret would not leave until 1960, when she met Ralph White at a restoration meeting. In September of that year she left the Brigham. home in Motton and moved to a little level in Chamberlain Center. The romance of Margaret Brigham, and Ralph White ended in marriage on March 23, 1962. On April 3, 1962, Margaret White was conceded quickly to Westover Doctors Hospital. ‘Nope, she wouldn’t mention to us what was wrong,’ Harold Alison said. ‘The one time we went to see her she revealed to us we were living in infidelity despite the fact that we were hitched, and we were going to hellfire. She said God had put an undetectable imprint on our brows, however she could see it. Acted insane as a bat in a henhouse, she did. Her mother attempted to be pleasant, attempted to discover what wrong with her was. She kicked crazy and off to rave about a blessed messenger with a blade who might stroll through the parking garages of roadhouses and chop down the fiendish. We left.’ Judith Alison, in any case, had at any rate a thought of what may have been off-base with her little girl; she believed that Margaret had experienced an unsuccessful labor. Assuming this is the case, the child was imagined with only one parent present. Affirmation of this would reveal a fascinating insight into the character of Carrie’s mother. In a long and rather crazy letter to her mom dated August 19, 1962, Margaret said that she and Ralph were living purely, without ‘the Curse of Intercourse’. She asked Harold and Judith Alison to close their ‘abode of wickedness’ and do in like manner. ‘It is,’ Margaret pronounces close to the finish of her letter, ‘the just [sic] way you That Man can keep away from the Rain of Blood yet to come. Ralph I, similar to Mary Joseph, will neither know or polute [sic] every others substance. In the event that there is issue, left it alone Divine.’ Obviously, the schedule discloses to us that Carrie was imagined later that equivalent year †¦ The young ladies dressed unobtrusively for their Monday morning Period One rec center class, with no clowning around or small shouting whistles, and none of them were astonished when Miss Desjardin pummeled open the storage space and strolled in. Her silver whistle dangling between her little bosoms, and if her shorts were the ones she had been wearing on Friday, no hint of Carrie’s grisly impression remained. The young ladies kept on dressing drearily, not taking a gander at her. ‘Aren’t you the bundle to convey for graduation,’ Miss Desjardin said delicately. ‘When right? A month? Furthermore, the spring Ball even not as much as that. The vast majority of you have your dates and outfits as of now, I wager. Sue, you’ll be going with Tommy Ross. Helen, Roy Evarts. Chris, I envision you can take your pick. Who’s the fortunate guy?’. ‘Billy Nolan,’ Chris Hargensen said morosely. ‘Well, isn’t he the fortunate one?’ Desjardin commented. ‘What would you say you are going to give him for a cute gift, Chris, a bleeding Kotex? Or on the other hand what about some pre-owned bathroom tissue? I comprehend these things appear to be your sack these days.’ Chris went red. ‘I’m leaving. I don’t need to tune in to that.’ Desjardin had not had the option to get the picture of Carrie crazy throughout the end of the week, Carrie shouting, rambling, a wet napkin put solidly in the center of her pubic hair-and her own wiped out, irate response. Also, presently, as Chris attempted to storm out past her, she connected and hammered her against a line of scratched, olive-hued storage spaces alongside the inward entryway. Chris’s eyes enlarged with stunned incredulity. At that point a sort of crazy anger filled her face. ‘You can’t hit us!’ she shouted. ‘You’ll get canned for this! Check whether you don’t, you bitch!’ Different young ladies jumped and sucked breath and gazed at the floor. It was turning crazy. Sue saw somewhere off to the side that Fern and Donna Thibodeau were clasping hands. ‘I don’t truly care, Hargensen,’ Desjardin said. ‘If you or any of your young ladies †think I’m wearing my educator cap at the present time, you’re committing an awful error. I simply need all of you to realize that you did a crappy thing on Friday. An extremely crappy thing.’ Chris Hargensen was scoffing at the floor. The remainder of the young ladies were taking a gander at anything besides their exercise center educator. Sue ended up investigating the shower slow down †the area of the wrongdoing †and twitched her look somewhere else. None of them had ever heard an educator call anything crappy previously. ‘Did any of you stop to believe that Carrie White has emotions? Do any of you ever stop to think? Sue? Plant? Helen? Jessica? Any of you? You think she’s monstrous. All things considered, you’re all monstrous. I saw it on Friday morning.’ Chris Hargensen was muttering about her dad being an attorney. ‘Shutup!’ Desjardin hollered in her face. Chris drew back so out of nowhere that her head struck the storage spaces behind her. She started to cry and rub her head. ‘One more comment out of you,’ Desjardin said delicately, ‘and I’ll toss you over the room. Need to see whether I’m telling the truth?’ Chris, who had obviously concluded she was managing a frantic lady, said nothing. Desjardin put her hands on her hips. ‘The office has settled on discipline for you young ladies. Not my discipline, I’m sad to report. My thought was three days’ suspension and refusal of your prom tickets.’ A few young ladies took a gander at one another and murmured despondently. ‘That would have hit you where you live,’ Desjardin proceeded, ‘Unfortunately, Ewen is staffed totally by men in its organization wing. I don’t accept they have any genuine origination of how totally terrible what you did was. So. One week’s detention.’ Unconstrained murmurs of alleviation. ‘But. It’s to be my confinement. In the exercise center. Also, I’m going to run you ragged.’ ‘I won’t come,’ Chris said. Her lips had diminished over her teeth. ‘That’s up to you, Chris. That’s up to every one of you. Be that as it may, discipline for skipping confinement will be three days’ suspension and refusal of your prom tickets. Get the picture?’ Nobody said anything. ‘Right. Switch up. What's more, think about what I said.’ She left. Articulate quiet for a long and stricken second. At that point Chris Hargensen said with uproarious, crazy obnoxiousness: ‘She can’t pull off it!’ She opened an entryway at arbitrary, pulled out a couple of tennis shoes and heaved them over the room. ‘I’m going to get her! Goddammit! Go

Three Things You Probably Didnt Know About Sal Khan

Three Things You Probably Didn’t Know About Sal Khan Did you know Sal Khan will be in Spain this week accepting a prestigious award from the Princess of Asturias Foundation? The team here at Khan Academy is very proud of Sal, and we’ll all be cheering for him on Friday, October 18 during the award ceremony! ??You might think of Sal as the founder of Khan Academy, but we know him as the approachable, down-to-earth guy who we work with every dayâ€"and we want you to know that Sal too! Here are three facts about Sal you might not know!Image: Sal Khan and Khan Academy Ambassador Crystal Famania 1) Sal often wears shorts to the office.You’ll probably see photos and video of Sal wearing a suit and tie accepting his award this week, but our Sal is often in the office wearing shorts and a t-shirt. Sal knows that people learn and work better in a variety of settings and at different times of day, and the culture in our office embraces that mindset. We enjoy a relaxed and casual dress code and are encouraged to work when and where we’ll be most productive. And, of course, Sal started Khan Academy by recording videos in his closet after work, so it’s always been casual for him.2) Sal loves to conduct walking meetings.If you have a meeting with Sal on your calendar, chances are you’ll be going for a walk with him outside the office. These walk-and-talk meetings are great for getting more physical exercise and experiencing a change of scenery. Plus, recent research found that walking can lead to increases in creative thinking!3) Sal’s favorite book is Pride and Prejudice.W hen Sal was forced to read Austen, Huxley, and Dickens in school, he hated these classic works of literature. But, when he reread Pride and Prejudice for fun in his twenties, he realized he loved it. What book from your childhood have you reread as an adult and now realize you actually love?Follow the hashtags #PremiosPrincesadeAsturias and #PrincessofAsturiasAwards on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram on Friday, October 18, to see pictures from the awards ceremony. You won’t be fooled by the suit nowâ€"you know the real Sal!Onward!

My Parents, My Brother And I Essay - 1166 Words

I was born in Northridge, California and raised in a working class family. My older brother and I grew up on the doctrine of not selling our physical and mental labor for proletariat wages. My parents’ primary motive was to surpass their success. They worked vigorously to make us fearless, determined, and humble individuals; however, we were conditioned to cloak and suppress our emotional deficiencies that may impede our future accomplishments. My then, immigrant father left behind his poverty-stricken family in Mexico to pursue his American dream in California. Like many immigrants before him, he experienced many barriers, such as, racism, fear, and mental and emotional distress. Guided by his faith and unparalleled fortitude he ploughed through the barriers and fulfilled his dreams to marry a Mexican-American woman to start a family with, and obtain his citizenship. My parents, the survivalist, sacrificed their earnings to provide food, clothes and shelter for my brother an d I. They were true survivalist in the purist form, there were moments that they would ration their food for my brother and I, but they would go without eating for days. Never did they express their sorrows; their bravery outweighed their hunger woes. Their devotion and martyrdom acts would make a permanent impact on my brother and I later in life. As a young docile girl, my parents managed to sustain a healthy atmosphere by masking our impoverished environment for many years until one Christmas.Show MoreRelatedEssay on Sibling Order Stereotypes1434 Words   |  6 PagesGrowing up in my family I was the first born of two children. For me this meant that I was the ultimate guinea pig for my parents, and therefore how I was raised was much different from how my younger brother was raised. I notice, now that I am older, there were many differences on the parenting techniques that were used to raise us both as individuals. Ultimately this caused my brother and I to be totally oppos ites. To this day I feel like birth order plays a large role in my family, and sometimesRead MoreThe Decision Model For An Acronym1284 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation be used in making the decision. For my family, the decision that was made was to send my brother and me off to college; so we can help our parents out when they grow older, and cannot work any more. The E stands for â€Å"estimating the resources needed†. How much energy, time, money, and information will be used in making the decision. My parents had to estimate the amount of time and money that they would be spending in order to send my brother and me off to college. C stands for â€Å"considerRead MoreLove Is A Strong Feeling923 Words   |  4 PagesLove of a parents Love is a strong feeling, an attraction, a constant affection to another person. Love is also an emotional sentiment that a romantic relationship has. 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In this paper, I will share about my family life growing up. I will also analyze how my observations and experiences in my family have shaped me as a person. I do not know my biological dad, though my stepRead MoreHow Sibling Rivalry Can Be Many Different Things Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesWhat causes sibling rivalry can be many different things. I know firsthand about sibling rivalry. I have a younger brother name Christian. He is seventeen and a junior in High school. We fight like cats and dogs. Even though he is six foot one, we still try to wrestle. When I come home from college on the weekends, my brother and I will go out and do something. Most of the times we go out to eat. Christian and I have a connection between the two of us that no matter where the other person is we willRead MoreMy Family Is My Dad896 Words   |  4 Pages Within my family there is my dad, my mom, my older brother Michael, my younger brother Evan, and I. Michael was the first child, my parents full of hope for him, and was set out to be the prodigal son. However, as most first children went my parents were totally new to children so they had a few hiccu ps. He eventually grew to the point where he couldn t be changed. My parents already thought of this and had me. Whereas Michael was a easy baby and child presenting few problems, probably why theyRead MoreThe Mistakes Of Careless Mistakes850 Words   |  4 Pagesaffect others. One poor move shattered my life on January 12, 2002. My brother took his own life by overdosing on drugs. My eyes had peeled open, absorbing the darkness of my bedroom. I glanced at my clock, which read 2:56 a.m. Usually, I never woke up during the night, and after I unsuccessfully tried to fall back asleep, I could feel something, a problem. I stood up and got out of my bed and stumbled down the hallway to my brother’s room. As I opened the door, my stomach curled up. 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Digital Vs. Digital Projection - 1783 Words

Recently in the world of cinema, there has been a great shift from the analogue format of film to digital projection. There are many who suggest that one format might be better than the other. I was working as a projection and sound technician for a major cinema exhibitor during this shift, so I have some insight into the similarities and differences in the two technologies. Though I enjoy servicing film projectors more than digital projectors and I have nostalgic feelings about analogue film in general, it is clear that the digital projection platform is far more versatile and has more potential for being improved even further in the future. Digital and film projection actually have a few things in common. Firstly, the majority of both†¦show more content†¦Modern digital projection technology only relatively recently surpassed 35mm film in terms of subjective image quality perception. Whether or not digital image quality has surpassed 70mm film is still debatable. on the other hand, with film projection, the image is physically developed on film and there is no resolution, or you can say the resolution is infinite. It’s like trying to describe a perfect circle by describing it with squares or straight lines. So, the quality of film images depends on the process used capture, develop, and duplicate the original image. An advantage of digital over film is that the projected image will always be the same across all digital projection systems. Since every digital projector is fed the exact same pixel data, the position and color of the pixels in relationship to one another will be consistent. With film projec tion, the image is physically developed on film, so there are greater variations in image and color from one print to the next. Typically, this difference is negligible and not even noticeable, but there are differences. The way the projected image is produced on each platform differs as well. Digital projection is essentially individual 1’s and 0’s, strung together in binary code on a hard drive, that gets interpreted by a computer into pixel data which is sent to either three DMD chips (DLP) or SXRD panels (Sony digital). Each of the three chips/panels handles one color, red, green, and blueShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis of The Hyundai Accent Campaign: New Thinking, New Possibilities1230 Words   |  5 Pages2.3 Ad content and patterns: Hyundai 3D projection mapping is a part of their new thinking new possibilities campaign. This particular technique was produced in Malaysia on 19th February 2011. The production period was four months and required one hundred and twenty crewmembers, six high-definition projectors, ten high-definition cameras, six cranes, one Hyundai accent car and one stunt man. The content involved graphics on a plain wall with an appearance of a building with huge gates. 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The Water Wars In Central Asia Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(32) " of surface irrigation systems\." â€Å" Water promises to be to the twenty-first century what oil was to the twentieth century: the cherished trade good that determines the wealth of states † . The 20th century governed states with the kernel of industry – rough oil. Even today it is the focal point of international struggle, ordering a states ability to map in both planetary political relations and the planetary economic system. We will write a custom essay sample on The Water Wars In Central Asia Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The 21st century promises to regulate states with the kernel of life – clean H2O. Driven by fickle conditions forms, intensive irrigation, and population force per unit areas, H2O is increasingly going a scarce trade good and is developing into a accelerator of international instability and struggle. An illustration of H2O ‘s ability to impact an country in the 21st century can be found in the Central Asian States, and the dehydration of the Aral Sea. The enlargement of irrigated agricultural land area and hydroelectric power, determined to be the root causes of the Aral Sea catastrophe, have continued due to miss of collaborative action by the freshly independent provinces of the part. The Amu Darya and the Syr Darya supply fresh water to the upstream provinces of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Southeastern Kazakhstan, and the downstream states Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Southwestern Kazakhstan. These states are going progressively competitory over H2O in the part, go forthing the dehydration of natural formations like the Aral Sea as an acceptable cost. The competition over H2O comes from the H2O intensive cotton harvest, which dominates the agribusiness in Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Southwestern Kazakhstan. Cotton provides a important foreign currency earn er for the part and is a major supplier of employment, but demands big sums of H2O from the part, which the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers struggle to supply. The indiscriminate usage of H2O to fuel cotton production has been in pattern since the early 1960 ‘s and is doing terrible environmental jobs, such as the drying of the Aral Sea, clime alteration, H2O and dirt salt, and H2O, dirt and air pollution. Increasing poverty, quickly turning populations, and the pattern of â€Å" economic patriotism † alternatively of regional cooperation by the autocratic governments of part, are the ingredients for future tenseness, societal instability, and possible struggle in Central Asia. These developments will be interpreted in a political economic system model, going from the Soviet ‘s forced cotton production, which is analyzed in the 2nd subdivision of this paper. Water is an progressively scarce resource in the part that is under force per unit area stemming from economic involvements, such as hydroelectric coevals and agricultural production. The environmental involvements of biodiversity, bettering supports of the part ‘s population and the resurgence of the Aral Sea are underrepresented and hence unheard. The environmental debasement of the Aral Sea is examined in greater item in the 3rd subdivision of this paper. The dehydration of the Aral Sea has far making effects in the part, impacting the clime and biodiversity. Desert air currents can transport 1000000s of dozenss of contaminated sand and salt from the country that was one time the Aral Sea, and lodge them on agricultural land all over the part. The effects of these polluted sand and salt sedimentations are farther amplified by the hapless drainage systems and the eventful H2O logging, that have caused dirt salt to go an increasing environmental job. Rising salt degrees have cause the ecology of the part to degrade to the point where many countries are going inhospitable, due to the barbarous downward spiral fueled by poorness and environmental debasement. The concluding subdivision critics the institutional model behind the H2O direction of the part. Foregrounding the displacement from a centrally run allotment of H2O by the Ministries of Land Reclamation and Water Resources ( Minvodkhoz ) located in Moscow to more regionally located signifiers of H2O direction, following the prostration of the Soviet Union. Since so it has become imperative that upstream states like Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Southeastern Kazakhstan jointly allocate H2O resources with downstream states like Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Southwestern Kazakhstan. New establishments have been created to supervise this procedure as each twelvemonth, at the presidential degree ; understandings are negotiated to stipulate the sum of H2O allocated to each state. There has been small alteration at the micro-level except in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, where Water Users ‘ Associations ( WUA ) have been established. In both Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, both major consumer s of H2O, the cardinal allotment and direction of H2O is still practiced in the absence of local reforms. The â€Å" usage it or lose it † rule, the result of the Soviet ‘s centrally planned H2O allotment patterns, are still in pattern due to the deficiency of countenances forestalling the abuse or inducements advancing the preservation of H2O. The continued ingestion of H2O at current degrees, coupled with the low efficiency ratios soon practiced, will take to increased degrees of dirt salt and the farther irreversible debasement of the Aral Sea basin. In a divided Central Asia stricken with a deteriorating environment, the scarceness of H2O has lead to increased tensenesss and may, given clip, lead to serious struggle. Many in the part believe that entree to H2O is â€Å" God-Given, † which contributes to the local authorities ‘s deficiency of concrete action against the current scarceness confronting the part, that is itself semisynthetic. Merely reduced and more efficient ingestion of H2O in Aral Sea basin supervised by efficient micro and macro-organizations, coupled with interregional cooperation, would be able to come on the part to a sustainable hereafter. The Soviet ‘s Management of Water The former Soviet Central Asia consists of chiefly steppes and comeuppances. This environment had traditionally limited the development of colonies and the attach toing agribusiness to oases, fed by rivers or belowground reservoirs known as aquifers. Soviet regulation changed all this, with forced collectivisation. Much of the traditional methods of sustainable cropping forms were forcibly altered to large-scale individual harvest methods that required a H2O direction substructure composed of surface irrigation systems. You read "The Water Wars In Central Asia Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" Regions like the Fergana Valley that were irrigated and specialized in cotton as a hard currency harvest, had a considerable comparative advantage over countries non bring forthing â€Å" white gold † . In the early 1960 ‘s Moscow took notice of this comparative advantage and began to make a quasi-monoculture, turning Cardinal Asia into a natural stuffs manufacturer for the fabric industries of the more cardinal Soviet Union. Cotton rapidly became the life-bread of the outer agriculturally based Soviet democracies, an indispensable trade good in their political economic systems. This patterned advance is illustrated by the province of Uzbekistan, which became one the largest cotton bring forthing states in the universe. The success or failure of cotton began to order the destiny of political elites in the Soviet Socialistic Republics ( SSRs ) , which lead to extended corruptness such as the over and underreporting of cotton production and the forced organisation of labou r to optimise cotton production. These corrupt patterns shortly became basiss of Uzbek, Tajik, and Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republics ‘ economic systems and the agricultural industry of the part. As the production of cotton in the Central Asiatic part increased quickly, the demand for H2O became despairing, due to the clime ‘s agricultural inhospitality and demand for irrigation. Water, at the clip, seemed copiously supplied by the Amu Darya and Syr Darya and lead to the building of great canals like the KaraKum canal, stretching more than 1,100 kilometer from the Amu Darya to Turkmenistan. The cragged countries of Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan are the get downing point for both rivers, which are mostly consumed by the agriculturally demanding countries of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. This division between upstream and downstream states and the resulting differential entree is one of the chief causes of tenseness refering H2O use in the part. The moneymaking enlargement of cotton land area, best illustrated by Uzbekistan, created a quickly increasing demand for agricultural irrigation, and began deviating mass measures of H2O to provide it. In Uzbekistan cotton ‘s enlargement was unprecedented, spread outing from an end product of 441,600 hectares in 1913, to 1,022,600 sunburns in 1940, to 1,427,900 sunburns in 1960, to every bit much as 2,103,000 sunburns in 1987. In Uzbekistan cotton became known as â€Å" King Cotton † , providing a antecedently bare state with an unprecedented hard currency harvest and provided employment to the bulk of its citizens. The Uzbek ‘s flourishing cotton industry had one fatal defect: it relied wholly on the handiness of H2O, in a part missing abundant H2O. The efficiency of H2O use was minimum due to a hapless substructure trusting on unlined and exposed canals, where escape is highly high, with the bulk of H2O either evaporating or oozing into the land. These inefficient H2O direction patterns lead to a diminishing sum of H2O really making the Aral Sea, and by the 1960 ‘s the sum of H2O making the Aral Sea began to dunk below the 50 kmA? to keep the sea degree at the clip. In the 30 old ages that followed ( 1960-1990 ) , the Aral Sea shank to merely half its original surface country. By the twelvemonth 2007 the Aral Sea had shrunk to merely ten per centum of its original size. The lay waste toing toll on the environment caused by the irresponsible, regulated, and irreguardless ingestion of H2O in the part, at this point can non be reversed, and has threatened to do the full part inhospitable due to the salinization of its dirt. Interestingly plenty the drying out of the Aral Sea did non halt or even decelerate during the decennary of passage from Soviet regulation. The freshly independent states were concerned with their ain single wellbeing, with a focal point on the employment and foreign currency cotton production brought, instead than that of the part as a whole. The states of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, were trapped politically to maintain cotton production changeless even when spread outing the production of other harvests. This was due to cotton ‘s incontestable value in the states ‘ economic systems, disenabling policy shapers from traveling to more sustainable resource direction even if they wanted to. The agricultural demand for H2O by the downstream states and the hydroelectric demand by upstream states, over the last 10 old ages, have non been contained. Agricultural H2O usage has remained more or less the same, even with a displacement to more diverse and sustainable harvests. Overall cropping forms for the Central Asiatic part was 40 % cotton and 7 % wheat in 1990, which shifted to 35 % cotton and 30 % wheat by 2000. This displacement resulted in no bead in H2O ingestion, even though wheat is a less water-intense harvest. This is due to the parts deficiency of efficient H2O conveyance substructure and H2O direction, show by the remarkably high demand for H2O, in comparing to other cotton bring forthing states. The deficiency of authorities financess to better substructure and educate citizens about efficient H2O direction could be blamed, but in all world the demand for a revival of self-sustainable agriculture patterns in the part is what is truly needed. Management A ; Reforms After the prostration of the Soviet Union, the centralized and regionally focussed H2O direction tactics antecedently practiced were abandoned. New national and regional organisations were formed during the passage period after 1991. An understanding was reached during February of 1992 to organize the Interstate Commission for Water Coordination ( ICWC ) , comprised of the five freshly independent Central Asian states. This organisation was responsible for H2O allotment in the Aral Sea basin, but lacked the foresight to turn to jobs like H2O quality, salt, and the authorization to efficaciously pull off possible struggle state of affairss that could happen. In March of 1993 a subsequent understanding established organisations like the Interstate Council on the Aral Sea ( ICAS ) , moving as an consultative commission for the five provinces of the part. This lead to the formation of the International Fund for the Aral Sea ( IFAS ) in order to fund the assorted activities of ICAS, follo wed by the constitution of a Sustainable Development Commission, concentrating on protecting the environment of the part and socioeconomic development. ICAS and IFAS were shortly merged to organize a new IFAS empowered by a board of deputy curates, giving the organisation comparatively more power. At the basin degree of the Syr Darya and Amu Darya, H2O direction was delegated to single Water Basin Associations or Basseynoe Vodnoe Ob’edinenie ( BVOs ) . These organisations oversaw the H2O direction of basins that affected five freshly independent provinces, including the communicating substructure, pumping systems, canals, power supply, and distribution systems from the several rivers beginning to its basin on the Aral Sea. These BVOs did non nevertheless control drainage, as this duty fell to the national H2O governments. Dispite the bureaucratic muss that the complexnesss and sheer figure of bureaus that were created to cover with H2O direction in the part, organisations like the BVOs lacked the support of international jurisprudence, intending that understandings and resource direction put for the by these organisations could be ignored with no effect. This deficiency of authorization is farther illustrated by the absent acknowledgment by province legislative assemblies and the support duties, proportionate to H2O allotment portions, which merely two of five states on a regular basis complied with. The deficit of support besides hampered the ability of BVOs and similar organisations to map and even keep the basic substructure that they were founded to set up. Originally IFAS was to be financed yearly by allotments of one per centum of the five member states Gross National Product, this figure was reduced to 0.3 % for Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan, and to 0.1 % for Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. These decreases in budget allotments were farther impeded by late payments and the deficiency of payment wholly, as some provinces concluded that the financess allocated for IFAS would be better utilized within their ain boundary lines. This meant that organisations like IFAS could non number on regular parts to fund direct operationa l costs or to fund larger substructure care, fix, and betterment doing the bing H2O direction construction to farther deteriorate. How to cite The Water Wars In Central Asia Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Elderly Drivers Essay Example For Students

Elderly Drivers Essay By: Cassie RindtSenior citizens should be off the roads! Anyone over the age of 65that cannot handle the responsibility of driving a vehicle should not beallowed to drive. To weed out these people every person once they reachthat age should have to retake their written and road driving exams thatyear, and every year after that. This will dramatically minimize theamount of accidents caused by the elderly. My grandfather is an example ofa bad driver over the age of 70. He is 78 and still drives although I donot believe that he should. He had a bad work accident (not involving avehicle) about a year and a month ago that has affected him greatly. Hehurt his arm really badly and now it is even hard for him to turn the key,or put on his seat belt imagine what hes like driving it. For instanceone time when he was driving me out to my dads house he was driving aboutspeed limit, but on the wrong side! He was driving on the left had side ofthe road maybe he thought he was in Europe? I dont kno w what he thought,but all of a sudden we met another vehicle and grandpa wasnt moving over. It wasnt until the other vehicle was only _______ feet away from our truckthat he moved other almost colliding with it. Luckily no one was hurt, butthat experience could quite easily have ended differently. From now onwhen my grandpa is taking me out to the farm I drive! Most senior citizensthat should not be driving do not think that they are bad drivers. Theymay think that they have gotten worse as the years have passed, but inactuality their driving is dangerous. These people need to be proved tothat they should not be on the roads as drivers but only as passengers. Ifretaking their road test is the only way to do this than thats the way itshould be. Elderly drives are a hazard to all drivers. They cause accidents allthe time. For example in September of 2003, an 88-year-old woman lostcontrol of her car and killed an elderly couple in Roseville, Minnesota. The same day in Santa Cruz, California, an 85-year-old driver injured fourpedestrians. In July, an 86-year-old driver killed ten people when hisvehicle plowed through a farmers market in Santa Monica, California. Theseare just a few examples of many. All the time you read new headlines thatsay: Elderly driver causes accident, 80 year old woman failed to stop ata red light, 3 dead, etc. Quality Planning Corporation releasedstatistics from over one million drivers across the United States. Thestatistics show that drivers over 81 years of age are involved in 27reported accidents for every estimated one million miles driven. The datacompiled by QPC revealed that the most accident-prone age group is 16-24,after which accidents drop from 28 to 16 for 21 to 30 year olds andcontinue to decrease until the 61-70 age bracket, at which point theaccident rate starts to climb back up to about the same rate as that of theyoungest drivers.1 Those statistics are about the same as they would bein Cana da. Given that information proves that elderly drivers are a majorcause of accidents across Canada and America. Even though the elderlydrivers cause around the same amount of accidents as does a 16 to 20 yearold, they are at more risk of fatality and injury in an accident. A person65 or older who is involved in a car accident is more likely to beseriously hurt, hospitalized, and more likely to die than younger peopleinvolved in the same crash. Fatal crash rates rise harshly after a driverhas reached the age of 70. Romeo And Juliet 9 EssayFrom the age of sixteen to sixty-five, about fifty years, there aremany changes in the laws regarding driving and automobiles. These changesare sometimes not recognized by the senior drivers, therefore causing moreaccidents and violations by elders. For example the speed limit fordivided highways in Saskatchewan is now up to 110km/h instead of the old100km/h. My uncle who is seventy years old did not know this, and peoplebegan to pass us and we slowed down traffic. Following the speed limit isa good example of how elders have a good chance of causing accidents. Ifan elderly person is driving way too slow and a semi comes up behind them,they have to go through a lot of gears in order to slow down to the samepace. If they do not slow down in time they may rear end the slow vehicleor have to use an emergency break causing damage to the semi. To learn allthese new rules and regulations there are courses for seniors to take. However, most seniors do not recognize that they have a problem driving anddo not see themselves as a hazard on the roads. They believe that theyshould not have to retake a course and they know what they are doing. Many elders may think that putting an age limit on their driving isdiscriminatory. This is not so because it is not like this law is banningall drivers over a certain age, it is just banning certain people thatshould no longer be driving by testing them fairly. It is no differentthan failing a sixteen year old or a twenty year old when they take theirroad test. It should not be considered as age discrimination becauseeveryone will be old at one time if they live that long. Everyone knowsthat with living there comes getting old and eventually dying. If theelders feel that they are being discriminated towards because of their age,then thats stupid because the people trying to fight them not to drive arealso going to be old in the upcoming future and will also have to retaketheir test. Making this new law would be no more discriminatory than thedrinking age, age to get drivers permit and drivers license, and the agethat you are allowed to be in high school until. Too many accidents are caused because of elderly drivers not knowingwhat to do or not being able to do things properly in regards to driving avehicle. Making people over the age of 65 retake both their written androad exams once a year could solve this problem. If a person is 70 orolder and is still capable to operate a vehicle properly then what is thebig deal if they have to take a test once a year. They should not beworried. If they are one of the ones that are not able to drive the waythey used to then it will be good for everyone, not having to worry abouthaving them on the road as a danger. My grandfather knows that his drivingskills have decreased quite a bit, but he does not seem to understand thathe should actually not be on the road. He is a danger to all peoplebecause his hearing is bad, his arm doesnt work very well, he has a hardtime seeing at night, and he has poor reflexes. If he had his licensetaken away and was off the road I would feel much safer and would worrymuch less for him because I am scared that when he drives that he will getinto an accident. 1 Statistics from: (http://www.qualityplanning.com/news/030929-Older%20drivers.htm)

Ways Domestic Violence Can Affect Individuals free essay sample

Domestic violence is a pattern of behavior used to establish power and control over another individual through fear and intimidation, which often includes threats or violence. The effects of domestic violence could be long term or short term. A long term effect of domestic violence is physical injuries that can cause arthritis, hypertension, or heart disease. A short term effect of domestic violence could be anxiety or depression. Physical or emotional abuse may lead to suicide or murder. Domestic violence is brought about as a result of things that could have happened in an individual’s childhood, or later in life. Domestic violence could start when one partner feels the need to control or dominate the other. People sometimes feel the need to control another person because they were bullied in the past. In addition to that, one partner may feel inferior to the other partner. A spouse might have a higher education than the other, or a better paying job. We will write a custom essay sample on Ways Domestic Violence Can Affect Individuals or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One other reason is because that individual might have witness his or her parents being abused and he/she might feel the need to be like them. Domestic abuse is also linked to poor self esteem. A child growing up in a violent home is likely to have little self worth. When children are brought down to amount to nothing, it could also play a major role in self esteem. Anger is a major source of fuel that will fan the flames of domestic violence. When a person has so much anger and hate from verbal or physical abuse that happened in the past, eventually it will come out in the form of violence. Drug and/ or alcohol abuse may be a precursor to domestic violence. Substance abuse leads to out of control behavior. The numbers of communality within the dynamics of most alcohol families have poor emotional health. Emotional health leads to secondary anger, which is an effective substitute for dealing honestly with emotions. In the end, domestic violence can happen to anyone no matter your race, size, or gender. The little things that resemble your partner trying to control could lead to domestic violence. Domestic violence can come in two ways, verbally or physically. Never wait to get out; this could lead to death or serious injuries. Many wait to late, and regret their decision not to receive help. All in all, look at the causes so you do not have to worry about the effects.

Nevada State Legislature essays

Nevada State Legislature essays Regular sessions of the Legislature begin the first Monday in February of odd-numbered years. Nevada is one of only six states that have true biennial sessions. From 1961 through 1997, the length of the legislature sessions in Nevada depended upon the time required to process propsed legislation, review the spending proposals of state agencies, and adopt a biennial state budget. At the 1998 General Election, Nevada voters approved a constitutional amendment limiting future regular biennial sessions to 120 days. The amendment also requires the governor to submit the executive budget to the Legislature two weeks before the start of the session. Both the 1999 and 2001 regular sessions ran for the full 120 days. A special session of the Legislature may also be called by the governor. In 2001 a 1-day special session was only the 17th special session in the past 138 years. The Legislative Counsel Bureau is the legislature's ongoing staff agency. It provide support for the Legislature and is comprised of the Fiscal, Legal, and Research Divisions. It also includes the Audit Division whose job consists of auditing the accounts of state agencies, and an Administrative Division, which provides accounting, security and vrious "housekeeping" functions. The Legislative Commission is a body of 12 legislators, six from each house and supervises over the Legislative Counsel Bureau.When the full Legislature is not in session, the commission takes actions on behalf of the legislative branch of government. They provide guidance to staff of the Legislative Counsel Bureau and deals with other interim matters. This body meets every few months between sessions. The Interim Finance Committte endeavors to maintain an adequate fund balance to meet unforeseen financial emergencies. It is composed of the members of the Senate Committee on Finance and the Assembly Committee on Ways an ...

Music in my life Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Music in my life - Assignment Example It is vital that an individual takes a break off work or studies, and listening to music or pursuing music information from different artists and musicians constitutes my leisure time. My time to relax is funfilled relative to my engagement in music. My inspiration in life has much to do with music. Music is done in diverse and dynamic ways, all of which are unique to specific genres and musicians. The information contained in music or messages that music passes through serves different people differently. Personally, music serves as a source of inspiration.On the same note, life encouragement and directions can also be derived from music (Turner 203). Music also serves as my personal advisor, with screening for positivity and negativity being accounted for. The diversity of the world is clearly evident in the way music is done. In my life, music serves as my educator in this line. Through music, I have come to learn and understand global diversity across borders. Over and above ente rtainment, music serves as an eye opener in every aspect of my life. This is more so in regard to the music genres I listen to.I have embraced music diversity in a global context, meaning that I am not fixed to any specific music genre. However, there are primary music genres that dominate my preference in music. RnB rates the tops the list although I have regard to locally composed and produced music, and also music that accounts for the individual, social, cultural, economic, and political differences around the world.

Family study-child Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Family study-child - Essay Example The mother was busy preparing supper, the elder brother and sister were handling their homework and the father was watching his favorite television program. On being asked to provide 2 story books she would wish to be read from, the child brought those she had interacted with previously and found them interesting. When I asked why she chose those particular books, she said she enjoyed the stories contain therein and that they always made her laugh. She recollected how their teacher read them the stories and made them repeat some words that were funny to her. She also reviewed how one of her friends at school found it hard to say some words correctly and mentioned she was better than her in that. In all these questions, the girl showed great ability when it came to answering the simple questions. She answered them simply and in logical manner, expressing her feeling where needed. On asking the exact point where she liked reading the book from, she quickly suggested in their bedroom citing that her elder brother does that for her many times. She also said that her teacher told her how parents read their children stories before they sleep. Considering the answers given it is clear that this girl memory had grown significantly that she could remember most of the things in her past. Such is the case that every happening reminded her of similar experiences or even conversations made earlier and she would recite them in a logical manner. While reading the first story, the girl kept comparing my reading that of her teacher. She particularly insisted on the fact that her teacher always asked them to repeat some parts of the story after her. It is interesting that the girl had a good recollection of the story and would interject my reading from time to time to ask questions on the story, although she already knows the answers. On trying to answer her questions she would refute some of my answers saying it did not reflect what her

The history and future of identity theft

The history and future of identity theft Throughout our lives ever since we were born we needed protection. From the time we were just newborn babies to when we are older we seek protection. Even the world as we know it is designed for human safety. From the cars we drive which have seat belts to when we are conducting science lab experiments and have to wear goggles. The same type of protection is needed in the internet. One main problem we have in todays society is concerning Identity theft, which is when someone uses your identity for their benefit. Short History Many people believe that identity theft began with the advent of the internet. But the truth of the matter is that Identity theft started before the advent of the internet. Statistics say that identity theft is much more common now than it has ever been in the past. This is largely due to the advent and widespread use of the internet. However, identity theft did not begin over the internet. Before the Internet came along, identity thieves could steal your identity by searching your trash to find personal information on papers like your bills and other important documents. Other ways they could find your personal information is through phone scams. For example, an identity thief could phone someone to inform them that they won a prize, and for them to receive it they would need to give some personal information, and then use it for their benefit in the way they choose. Ever since the internet came along, with other new technologies, identity theft has become more consistent, easier to do, and safer to execute it without getting caught. The rapid growth of identity theft The fastest growing crime in the world is widely starting to be considered Identity theft. Increasing identity theft is caused by the many ways in which we live our lives and process information. All these processes make it easier for identity thieves to access our person identifying information and ultimately snatching our identities. The internet is a bypass of giving out your personal information quickly and easily resulting in it being sometimes less secured. If we really think about it we access our credit cards online, pay our bills online, and shop and make credit card transactions online. All of these things are quick and convenient but at the same time can pose a rick toward us Some identity thieves create programs called spyware that is installed when we try installing different programs from the internet. The installed spyware basically spies on what youre doing. Every time you go on a website, type your password, transmit information, the spyware keeps track of it. The people receiving this data can either keep it for themselves or pass it on to another person for money. One type of spyware called Trojan horse allows their creator to access through remote the computer and hard drive. When people make online transactions, online retailers of the store save both our contact name and credit care information on their databases. Then Marketing agencies collect the information from our spending habits as well as contact information, which seem to be secure. But the people that work there sometimes tend to sometimes have access to this information and use it for their own benefit. They may sell it or may be bribed to give out other peoples personal information breaking company policy. Some times credit card companies give promotional offers to customers and have their credit card numbers on them, and if not disposed properly with a shredder than identity thieves going through your garbage and can use your personal information for their own benefit. Data about Identity Theft The Identity Theft Resource Center which is a non-profit organization identifies that theft can be sub-divided into five categories: business/commercial identity theft (using anothers business name to obtain credit) criminal identity theft (posing as another when apprehended for a crime) financial identity theft (using anothers identity to obtain goods and services) identity cloning (using anothers information to assume his or her identity in daily life) medical identity theft (using anothers information to obtain medical care or drugs) Elaboration on certain types of identity theft Identity Cloning and Concealment In this situation as the name suggests, is when an identity thief takes someones identification and impersonates them for an indefinite period of time. This may be done by someone who wants to avoid being arrested for a crime he/she did, to stay hid if working in a country illegally or a person hides from creditors. Criminal Identity Theft This type of theft is when a criminal breaks the law and is charged. And when the police ask for identification the thief would give a fake ID. After charged have been placed on the fake ID, the criminal is released. When it comes time for the court hearing the thief would not come, and the person whose name was given would be given a warrant under the assumed name. The victim might learn that he is charged through either a suspended driver license, or if they did a background check performed for employment or volunteering. Synthetic Identity Theft This type of identity theft, called Synthetic Identity theft is becoming more common, in which their identities are completely or partially made-up. Combining a real social security number along with a new birth date and name is one of the most common techniques in doing this. Synthetic Identity theft is quite hard to tract down, because it doesnt show on a persons credit card report directly but may appear as a completely new file in the credit bureau. Synthetic Identity theft mainly targets the creditors the unwittingly grant the thiefs credit. It can also affect consumers because their name can become confused with the synthetic identity. Medical Identity Theft Medical Identity theft is when an identity thief uses someones name as well as their insurance number to reap some benefits, without that persons knowledge. They obtain medical services and goods, or use the persons name to make false claim for medical services and goods. This results to wrong entries being put in existing medical records under the victims name. Negative Social Impacts of Identity Theft Identity Theft Statistics Millions of people per year are victims of identity theft. In 2003-2004, the Identity Theft Resource Center had surveyed victims of identity theft and named the findings in a paper called The Aftermath Study. These results are great estimates of the effects of identity theft on its victims. Discovery of Victimization 38-48% of victims find out about the identity theft within 3 months of it starting 9-18% of victims take 4 years or long to discover that they are victims of identity theft Time Involved in Being a Victim Victims spend from 3 to 5,840 hours repairing damage done by identity theft. This difference is due to the severity of the crime for example a lost credit card versus the use of your social security number to become your evil twin. The average number of hours victims spend repairing the damage caused by identity theft is 330 hours. 26-32% of victims spend a period of 4 to 6 months dealing with their case and 11-23% report dealing with their case for 7 months to a year. Monetary Costs of Identity Theft 40% of business costs for individual cases of identity theft exceed $15,000. The Aberdeen Group has estimated that $221 billion a year is lost by businesses worldwide due to identity theft Victims lose an average of $1,820 to $14, 340 in wages dealing with their cases Victims spend an average of $851 to $1378 in expenses related to their case Practical and Emotional Costs of Identity Theft 47% of victims have trouble getting credit or a loan as a result of identity theft 19% of victims have higher credit rates and 16% have higher insurance rates because of identity theft 11% of victims say identity theft has a negative impact on their abilities to get jobs 70% of victims have trouble getting rid of (or never get rid of) negative information in their records 40% of victims find stress in their families as a result of anger over the identity theft 45% of victims feel denial or disbelief 85% of victims anger and rage 45% of victims feel defiled by the identity thief 42% of victims feel an inability to trust people because of the identity theft 60% of victims feel unprotected by the police Uses of Victim Information More than one third of victims report that identity thieves committed cherub account fraud. 66% of victims personal information is used to open a new credit account in their name 28% of victims personal information is used to purchase cell phone service 12% of victims end up having warrants issued in their name for financial crimes committed by the identity thief Imposter Characteristics and Relationships to the Victim 43% of victims believe they know the person who stole their identity 14-25% of victims believe the imposter is someone who is in a business that holds their personally identifying information The most common reported perpetrator in cases where a childs identity is stolen is the childs parent 16% of identity theft victims are also victims of domestic harassment/abuse by the same perpetrator. These victims believe that the identity theft is used as another way for the abuser to continue and demonstrate his harassment and control. Responsiveness to victims Overall, police departments seem to be the most responsive to victims of identity theft, with 58% taking down a report on the victims first request 1/3 of victims have to send dispute information repeatedly to credit reporting agencies Only 1/5 of victims find it easy to reach someone in a credit reporting agency after receiving their credit report 20% of victims will have the misinformation and errors removed from their credit report after their first request for the credit reporting agency to do so Positive Social Effects of Identity Theft There are no positive social effects for identity theft. The thief might temporarily benefit, but its not worth breaking the law and being punishable by it. Future Trends of Identity Theft In modern day society with so many companies giving out your personal information, in the future its going to be more likely that your identity might be stolen some point in the future. New reports from the US say that identity theft has come to such a point that convicting an identity thief has come close to impossible. Things arent that downhill though. In 2007, specifically 26% more of identity thieves were caught than the year before. Thats great statistically wise but that still means that only 1943 people were caught out of 1.6 million reports of identity theft on file with the federal trade commission. This is due to the changing technology. Because when our technology changes so does the identity thieves making it much harder to track them. Conclusion In todays modern world, this highly increasing act of identity theft is becoming more and more common. Its really important to learn how to protect yourselves from this. Some simple things you could do to protect yourself from identity theft are: Do not carry your Social Insurance Number around Write down credit card numbers and write down Continue to check on your credit report and correct any mistakes immediately Memorize important passwords and your SIN number, and if written on a piece of paper, dont put it in your wallet Shred Old Statements and Sensitive documents Be Alert of anyone trying to get personal information out of you By adopting these simple habits and telling others about them, can help reduce the chances of your identity become stolen.

Hitlers Rise to Power

A Comparative Essay on Historical Schools: The Annales and Marxist Historiography Historical Interpretation, as a term, is a skill that historians acquire to describe human events. As historians gather information regarding the past and analyze the artifacts, they are left with the task to explain their findings to the masses. For many years, profound members of society were used as primary sources for historical events. But as the world turned, historians began to question the grounds of which these â€Å"facts† stood. How are the rulers and priest to be the only true source of widespread events?Such questions gave birth to schools of historical interpretation. These schools became well- known on their scrutiny of historical facts to the point where history became a specialized field with various focal points, such as linguistics, agriculture, cliometrics, culture, and many more. This essay will compare the analytical styles of the Annales and the Marxists historians. Althoug h these schools recognize the superstructure of socioeconomic relationships, they have different approaches and motivations for their historical analyses which has changed the way history is studied.The Annales School is a group of historians who innovated historical research. They focused on properly documenting French history prior to the French Revolution. Prior to their research, french history was dominated by Marxism and was made up mostly from the vantage point of the leaders and other well known figures. The Annales vigorously opposed Marxism due to its tendency to discredit the natural causes and individualism that also play a major part in history. However, the Annales countered Marxism’s monopolizing ways by presenting their socially scientific approach.The Annales was founded by two Strasburg professors, who taught history and it was through their connection that they were able to become a school of historical interpretation. Co-founders, Lucien Febvre and Marc Bl och developed a scholarly journal that incorporated their approach and was published in 1929. This groundbreaking article was titled â€Å"Annales d'Histoire Economique et social† which was subtle in its initial push for change in historical documentation. As they began this journey as the Annales, they opted for historians to examine the state of France as it is and then deduce history rather than judge the present based on the past.Although there works are one in the same, they had different approaches that worked well together. Bloch contributed an agrarian and comparative perspective, while Febvre’s contribution was geared more toward combining history and the social sciences. In the Annales School: An Intellectual History, Andre Burguiere states â€Å"the act of placing the present in perspective by setting it against what the past can teach us does not lead to skepticism but to a spirit of tolerance and responsibility. † This tells us that the Annales felt as though history should be judged not by the â€Å"great men† alone but by the masses.And the only way to get history outside of the proverbial box is to take into consideration the ideals of all men and evaluate them along with economic and material withholding of their country. In order to fully capture an unbiased survey of history Febvre and Bloch pushed for an intercontinental journal. This would allow them to expand their practices not only by incorporating other disciplines but also understanding these events from a broader perspective. Besides their interdisciplinary approach, they also wanted to transform history into a social science.For them, this would prove to be more practical and would be made up of checkable facts and resources. By turning history into a social science, collective beliefs and customs would be taken into consideration. With these approaches, Bloch and Febvre makes up the first generation of the Annales School of Historical Interpretation but their works are still being used, updated, and adapted in current historical interpretation. Marxist historiography takes a different approach to understanding history. Spawned from Marxism’s class scale, Marxist’s historical interpretation is limited, as it works backwards from the outcome to the event.However, this form of historical interpretation is recognized for its middle and lower class historical perspective. Karl Marx is well-known for his strong support for Communism. He professed that society goes through a cycle from anarchy to socialism, with capitalism and communism being on opposite ends of the spectrum. This approach led him to analyze and judge history on these characteristics. In Marxist historiography, every historical event was a result of the socioeconomic status in which the event took place.Marxist historians are sometime ashamed of the Marxist title that they have due to Marx’s position on what we call the free world. However, Marxist hi storians do not hang on every idea of Marxism. A Marxist historian analyzes history with the understanding that historical events are occurrences that are determined by the working class’ level of production and the type of government in place at the time of the occurrence. In Marxist historiography, historians pay close attention to historical materialism, class struggle, government, and production.These are the viewpoints that sum up this type of historical interpretation. The historiography of Marxism many times exclude political factors because it lacks the substantial and tangible evidence that other forms of historical interpretation embrace. Karl Marx both embraced and opposed the ideas of GWF Hegel, a German philosopher, who was well known for his conflict and contradictions theories. Yet, it was because of Hegel’s philosophy that Marxism thrives. Through Marxist historiography, historical events are at the mercy of a superstructure that has a predetermined pat h.The work of Karl Marx and the Annales are still in practice today. Both schools of historical interpretation emphasize the social and economic impact on society as being the source for historical events. They examine the framework of society and compare the circumstances of many events to verify their theories and downplay prior trust in political narratives. As Stuart Clark states, in The Annales School: Critical Assessments, â€Å"At the centre of these issues and at the point of convergence of the Annales school and Marxist history is the theme of power. He concluded that their two distinct methods explain the plight of human events without discussing power and because of this missing link, the two schools will have more differences than similarities. Power is a common idea of both schools, however, they do not point out this fact. As there studies show, shifts of power is the driving force behind all historical events. The foundations of the perspectives of these two schools are astonishingly similar, but their differences lie in the details of their work.The Annales eventually introduced their three tiered paradigm which was â€Å"structure at the base, conjecture in the center and the event at the top. This this was then divided again by geography, social, and the individual. †(Hunt ,1986) In their use of this paradigm, they set themselves apart from Marxism because they incorporated geography and the individual in their studies, which was unique. Taking into consideration , the individual gives a personal take on the superstructure because from this vantage point the big picture can not be seen.The Annales understood that the individual has personal motivations that are not apart of the collective opinion and that the structure affects each person differently. The evidence that the Annales consider when interpreting history is more detailed than the practices of Marxist historians. Marxist historians emphasize the super and sub-structures of s ociety and remain focused on the outcome rather than the events. Marx stated in the Communist Manifesto that â€Å"the history of all past societies has been the history of all class struggles. † This sentence sums up the motivation behind Marxist historiography.Marx wanted inform the world that details did not matter as much as the inevitable social cycle. In The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852), Marx states that history repeats itself, first as a tragedy and second, as a farce. † The Marxist historian upholds this statement to be a slogan for their studies. As they uncover new ideas regarding the â€Å"system†, they are able to interpret historical events from the outside in. Schools of historical interpretations have the duty of setting their methods apart from others and coming up with different ways to analyze history.Although each event has its facts, each school interpret the findings in interesting ways. The Annales began their journey trying to combat the Marxist historical methods and they prevailed in the way they were able to contribute to history what Marxist historiography could not cover. With each of their motivations deriving from the fallacies of political narratives, these schools have transformed historical documentation from a series of both unfortunate and fortunate events to a narrative of social and economic situations that inevitably force certain outcomes. Bibliography: . Burguiere, Andre. The Annales School: An Intellectual History, trans. Jane Marie Todd, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2009; cloth; pp. 328; 2. Long, Pamela. Annales d'histoire economique et sociale 7 (November 1935), Les techniques, I'histoire et la vie Technology and CultureVol. 46, No. 1 (Jan. , 2005), pp. 177-186 Published by: Society for the History of Technology Article Stable URL:http://www. jstor. org/stable/40060803 3. Hunt, Lynn. French History in the Last Twenty Years: The Rise and Fall of the Annales Paradigm. Journal of Contemporary History. Vol. 21, No. , Twentieth Anniversary Issue (Apr. , 1986), pp. 209-224Published by: Sage Publications, Ltd. retrieved from http://www. jstor. org/stable/260364 4. Marx, K. , and F. Engels. The Communist Manifesto. New York, NY: Signet Classics, 1998. Print 5. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. Karl Marx 1852 Course Textbooks: 1. Tosh, John. The Pursuit of History. 5th. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2010. 2. Green, Anna, and Kathleen Troup. The Houses of History: A Critical Reader in Twenthieth-century History and Theory. Washington Square, New York: New York University Press, 1999.

Challenges Library Management System Essay

n 1981, UNESCO published a study prepared by Jean Lunn1 from Canada, Guidelines for Legal Deposit Legislation. His study is now 30 years old since its publication. Many countries have amended or significantly rewritten their legal deposit laws (Germany, Indonesia, and Norway in 1990; France in 1992, Sweden in 1994, Canada in 1995, South Africa in 1997, Denmark in 1998 and Japan & Finland in 2000). Others are in the process of doing so (Australia, India, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland and United Kingdom). The forms of intellectual and artistic expressions have grown in different dimensions. New published media have been developed and electronic publications are now an integral part of many national publishing heritages. UNESCO was under pressure to bring out a revised edition of the Guideline in order to review the impact of it on other countries and to incorporate new forms of publishing, such as, electronic publications. The new revised and updated edition of the Guidelines of Legal 2 Deposit Legislation (2000, UNESCO) by Jules Lariviere is found to be a useful tool. The Indian relevant act, Delivery of Books Act 1954 (rev. 1956 to include newspapers and periodicals) has been under the scanner shortly after it was put into application and over the last five decades the National Library, Kolkata and the three other recipient regional public libraries, Connemara Pubic Library, Chennai, Central Library, Town Hall, Mumbai and Delhi Public Library, Delhi, and especially the publishing world directly involved with it, expressed concern and drew attention of the Government of India, of its limitations and ineffectiveness. The National Library, Federation of Indian Publishers (FIP) and several professional library organizations discussed its drawbacks and recommended revision or specific amendments of the act at various seminars, conferences and other forums. Ministry of Culture, the concerned agency of the government of India, set up several committees to deal with the National Library. The Recommendations of the National Knowledge Commission3 and its Working Group on Libraries (NKC-WGL, 2006) is completely silent on this and other national library related issues. It would be appropriate to draw attention to an article by 3. Challenges in Library Management System (CLMS 2012) Bandopadhyay (2000) former Director of the National Library, is exhaustive enough with a complete set of plan of action for the concerned Ministry to initiate the revision process at the earliest. As a follow up, the Ministry took some steps to obtain the views, of other stakeholders, including academics, library users group and senior library professionals. Based on these suggestions / recommendations a revised draft bill on this issue was prepared that is awaiting final clearance of the Ministry since 2006. Role of Legal Deposit Act: In simple terms Legal Deposit is a statutory obligation which requires that any organization, commercial or public, and any individual producing any type of documentation in multiple copies, be obliged to deposit one or more copies with some recognised national institution/s. It is important to make sure that legal deposit legislation covers all kinds of published material, that is, material generally produced in multiple copies and â€Å"offered to the public regardless of the means of transmission. † Public distribution could mean â€Å"performance† or â€Å"display† e.g. radio or television programme could be considered as â€Å"published† for legal deposit purposes when it has been broadcast. Within the electronic publications environment, it should be noted that a â€Å"one copy item† such as, a database , stored on one server, could be subject to legal deposit requirement since it is made available to the public through a technology enabling the public to read, hear or view the material. 5 (Lariviere ). Most countries rely on a legal instrument of some sort in order to ensure the comprehensiveness of their national deposit collection. In all countries with legal deposit system, â€Å"published material† would naturally include books, periodicals, newspapers, microforms, sheet music, maps, brochures, pamphlets, etc. In some countries audio-visual material (sound recordings, films, videos, etc. ) is also subject to legal deposit and there are several countries where electronic publications are also included into the legislation, but they have done this in different way; some have excluded on-line electronic publications because of the numerous unsolved technical problems related to their acquisition and preservation problems related to ever changing technological scenarios. Legal deposit legislation serves a clear national public policy interest by ensuring comprehensive acquisition, recording, preservation and access of a nation’s published heritage. The role of a legal deposit system is to ensure the development of a national collection of published material in various formats. It should also support the compilation and publication of national bibliography in order to ensure bibliographic control over a comprehensive deposit collection. In addition, an effective legal deposit legislation guarantees to citizens and researchers within the country and abroad, access to research collection of  the national published material. Countries are developing many different models, but are clearly unable to keep pace with the massive changes and challenges related to the deposit of intangible publications. Department of National Heritage6, UK (1997) brought out a consultative paper on current legal deposit of publication issues based on a questionnaire which identified several pertinent issues and posed a number of specific questions to which sought responses from individuals and organizations. This document could also help Indian group and the government agencies in formulating the revised DB Act. Profile of Indian book publishing Before we deal with Indian Delivery of Books Act let us first look at the present trends in book publishing in India. Over the last four decades a large majority of English language publishing has concentrated in and around the capital, Delhi. The city is also a major centre of Hindi publishing industry. With the rapid growth of higher education from 1960s and the pressure built-up within the faculties due to UGC’s policy of ‘publish or perish’ resulted in the increase of publications of research monograph. India is one of the few countries where 4 4. Invited Lectures theses and dissertations submitted for Ph. D. and other similar higher postgraduate degrees in humanities and social sciences particularly, get published as a routine matter, whereas in science and technology this would be a rare phenomenon. There is no reliable source of annual book publishing data in India or any comprehensive list of Indian publishers in different languages. D. N. Malhotra7 (2010), former President of FIP and an established publisher in English and Hindi claimed of having 15,000 20,000 publishing houses, mostly run by individuals or as single family business. According to Vinutha Mallay8 Senior Editor of Mapin Publishing, India is the sixth largest publishing industry in the world with annual growth of 15-20%; third largest publishers of books in English, around 90,000 to 100,000 books are published annually, there are about 19,000 publishers in the country; in addition sixty per cent of global publishing outsourcing is based in India. This growth trend is noticeable only from the 70s onwards when book trade turnover increased gradually due to numerical growth of educational and research institutions at every level. As we look back a few decades, the demand of English books grew fast in libraries of newly established universities, research institutions and other academic centres. Individual buyers of books constitute only a small percentage. Bulk of the titles was imported from the English speaking countries, mostly from the UK and USA based publishing houses. This book import business is largely handled by a few Delhi based book importers and distributors. To accelerate the book supply process from the shelves and warehouses the importers / distributers devised a practice of sending books on credit to academic staff and libraries, through local vendors or jobbers (newcomers in book trade to supply books ‘on approval’ basis). They were allowed to take back books â€Å"not selected† within a credit limit of six months only. Within a few years these jobbers turned into legitimate vendors with book stock of their own which could not be returned to the wholesalers within the stipulated six months credit limit. They start bookshops with the ‘dead stock’ of their own and continue to supply books to the institutions on prevailing terms and conditions. These vendors, having direct contacts with the researchers and faculty members on day to day basis, being the actual selectors in all educational institutions, get offers to publish research monographs of academics. Many of them grabbed these offers on their own terms thereby joining the exclusive club of publishers. We now find several of these vendors are retail bookshop owners, library suppliers and also publishers, all in one. Perhaps it would not be out of place to add a few words of Iain Stevenson9 on the recent trends in British publishing keeping in mind that India is claimed to be the third largest English language publishing country. ‘Since the beginning of this century, there have been strong trends in British publishing in the increase in concentration of publishing and book selling ownership balanced by healthy specialization and the second is an increasing awareness and impact of electronic media and delivery across sectors that have created a large impact across the book trade. In 2004 over 161,000 individual book titles were published in the U.K. as compared to 119,000 in 2001 and over 2. 5 times the number in 1990. Consumers spending on books reach 2436 m. sterling pounds (in 2000 it was 2000 million) out of which 30% was from the export sales. Individual buyers comprised the largest market share, about 70% of total book sale and 20% to academic institutions and corporate bodies’. Indian Legal Deposit Legislation or Delivery of Books Act 1954 and its aftermath The act, commonly referred to as DB Act10 was amended in 1956 to include newspapers and serials under its purview. Annual publishing of books in India during 1950s was small 5. Challenges in Library Management System (CLMS 2012) and below 30,000 titles, whereas by 2010 it is claimed to have exceeded 100,000 [estimated figure obtained from FIP in the absence of any official data from any reliable source] with substantial increase in the coverage of subjects, such as, science and technology. In a recent 11 Annual Report of the Ministry of Culture the National Library claimed to have received 29,875 publications under the DB Act which happens to be only 30% of the estimated total publications as indicated by senior executives of the Library in several professional forums. It was also being pointed out in such gatherings that the other three recipient libraries under this Act, in Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai received even less during the same period. It is worth noting that this was claimed to be the highest figure ever reached by the library ‘due to a special drive’12Intellectual resource (NACONAL 2006). UNESCO Statistical Yearbook is silent on the number of books published annually or the number of libraries in India over the last several decades, although India is one of the major contributors and active member of this international body. This sad state of affaire obviously reached, and continue to be, due to simple negligence of all concern. In most other countries annual publication figures were being provided by organizations declared as recipient/s under the legal deposit or copyright legislation of the country. There must be several reasons for the Library to reach in such a state and to argue, we guess, the limitations of DB Act cannot be the primary cause of it. Rigid administrative and fiscal rules and regulations adopted by the Library to operate under the guidance of the Ministry, is surely to my mind, a major factor but not the main one. The crux of the matter is National Library never received a large number of recent Indian publications under the DB Act. We do not know who all are claimed to be Indian publishers. A sizable number of them are ignorant of DB Act obligations. It is also a fact that number of ‘one time authorpublishers’ is also very high (15% – 20%) especially in vernacular languages. The National Library together with the Central Reference Library committed to bring out Indian National Bibliography(INB) based on the books received under the DB Act, similar in format of the British National Bibliography (BNB). However, neither the British Library (formerly British Museum Library) nor the Indian National Library is in any obligation under their respective legal deposit acts to bring out national bibliographies of books thus received under their respective legal deposit acts. . Bandhopadhyay13 points out,’rules and policy adopted are working smoothly for the British Library but similar regulations unexpectedly, failed to work in our case. One has to keep in mind the fact that default in U. K. is an exception rather than general rule unlike in India’. The provision of penalty for default in DB Act of Rs. 50. 00 sounds just notional. Either revise it to a figure e. g. , Rs. 1000. 00 or 4-5 times of the actual market price of single copy, whichever is higher or just make it voluntary, and hope for the best. The reason of suggesting the latter provision is to avoid the highly cumbersome and built-in procedural delay within our legal system. Since 1958 National Library did not take any legal action against one single defaulter till date. In UK and USA penalty clause is not mentioned as the legal deposit provision is covered under the country’s copyright acts. It is because of this factor legal deposit provision is genuinely more effective and acceptable to authors and publishers of these countries. It would be more realistic to suggest that National Library shall receive one copy of every Indian ‘publication’ and the three other regional repository libraries in Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai shall have the right to claim any current publication in their respective regional languages only, delivered free of cost under the revised provisions of the DB Act. The current practice of demanding four copies of every publication to be delivered free of cost to each of 6. Invited Lectures these four libraries (including National Library) failed to meet our expectations. This is in addition to what publishers have to comply with the demands of different state central libraries under the Press and Book Registration Act of 1867. Moreover, a large volume of these books and other publications, thus received, especially language publications that are not so commonly used in some regions are usually being ‘dumped’ or just temporarily stored as these are of ‘no use’ to the library. This is a colossal wastage of national resource. On the other hand it would not be cost effective to make these so to say, ‘unused books’ (four copies of each) routinely processed, provide costly storage space as well as maintaining them for the posterity in four regional libraries. The National Library shall receive one copy for preservation and access only; create bibliographic records for the benefit of all stakeholders. There are several categories of publications e. g. in English, Hindi, Sanskrit and Urdu (EHSU) languages shall find users in other three regional libraries. Let us accept the real time scenario in terms of availability and accessibility for application of information and communication technologies (ICT) within library systems. Bibliographic data of publications received by the National Library under legal deposit legislation will be accessible to others from INB and National Library catalogue / database online. These three libraries shall buy one copy of all selected books in EHSU languages, from any local vendor / publishers. Additional fund annually spend by three libraries on this account shall be reimbursed from a special annual central government grant. The proposed module is based on the British legal deposit act where the British Library, London receives one copy of every book / publication and the other five libraries (Wales National Library, Aberystwyth, Scottish National Library, Edinburgh, Oxford University, Cambridge University and Trinity College, Dublin) obtain direct from the publishers, one copy of every book of their choice, selected from the weekly list of books received in the British Library under the legal deposit act. We made an attempt to get some estimation of the annual cost of books published under these four (EHSU) ‘common languages’ from INB and the National library that would give an idea of the total fund required for the three regional libraries under the revised provision of the Act. All the three libraries receive some annual grant from the central government. The revised provision in the act will also bring some savings in terms of time and resources, as lesser number of books are to be dealt with by the libraries. Sooner than later, it  will be a reality (within a decade or so) of making available a digital copy of an Indian publication by the National Library online, that was not originally selected or received earlier to a library or an individual from its own stock within or outside the country. The technology is already in experimental stage at various levels. Slowly and gradually a large part of Indian publications will be brought out in e-format only, which will also change our current perception of borrowing or consulting a ‘book’ from a conventional library. Till we reach that stage in India and the transitional period of overlap (20 years? ) we shall carry on with both the systems as we are now have both bullock carts as well as a BMW 7e series cars on our roads for transportation. Indian library systems shall take a longer path and time to switch over to reach this goal. Moreover, any change in our library ‘modernization’ programme shall be fully dependent on application of technological innovations resulting in inevitable 14 acceptance of a never ending process. Thomas Abhram in a recent article expressed, â€Å"ebooks will be hugely cheaper with the removal of paper and inventory costs†¦. All things taken into account, books in print format are not certainly going away ever from circulation. And e-books, from a publishing point of view, are a ‘consummation devoutly to be wished’. We in India, specially the National Library are to continue dealing with print copies of books for several decades together with information resources available in e-books and or in any other format. 7 Challenges in Library Management System (CLMS 2012) Table 1: Books in Indian Languages Received in National Library LANGUAGE 2007 08 Assamese Bengali English Gujarati Hindi Kannada Malayalam Marathi Oriya Punjabi Sanskrit Tamil Telugu Urdu Total 97 991 5756 127 2370 687 1500 1400 2661 602 112 3685 248 521 20757 NL/DB Act 2008 – 09 35 1463 5385 348 1722 600 1200 1351 52 576 287 2526 145 304 15994 337 2189 5530 476 1237 877 866 1341 750 000 111 1186 406 292 15598 300 350 450 830 INB (2010) AVERAGE COST. The figures quoted above (Table-1) under Books received by the National Library under DB Act during 2007-08 and 2008-09 and those listed in INB for 2010 (CRL) were obtained from the respective libraries on personal requests. In a paper presented at the NACONAL 2006 by Mandal & Syed Abuzar15 (2006) indicated National Library received about 20,000 books annually during 1990 2002. They claimed the Library received about 30,000 during 2005-06 due to some special drive and about similar number of volumes during 2010-11as recorded in the Annual Report of the Ministry of Culture. Unfortunately we could not get breakdown of figures under each language of 29,875 books received during 2005-06 nor of INB listed figures for 2009 and 2011. The significant gap of Oriya books received during 2007-08 and 2008-09 was due to some special efforts put by the concerned language specialist during 2007. [Note:Average cost of recently published books in English, Hindi, Sanskrit and Urdu (EHSU) languages has been worked out from a sample of books procured by University of Delhi, Central Library, Central Secretariat Library and the U. S. Library of Congress, Book Procurement Centre in Delhi. We made here an estimation of annual additional grant amount to be provided by central government to support the three regional libraries (in Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai) under the proposed revised legal deposit legislation. The National Library shall receive one copy only of every Indian publication free of cost delivered by the publishers, and the three regional public libraries are to purchase one copy of any book (in EHSU languages) selected by a library from open market. The three libraries are entitled, under the law, to receive free of cost, one copy of a book published in respective regional languages. It is estimated that each library shall selectively acquire per year about 30,000 new Indian publications (10,000 EHSU + 20,000 in respective regional languages) out of about 90,000 books published annually. It means, central government shall reimburse annually the cost of 30,000 books in EHSU languages where average cost of a set of four EHSU books is Rs. 2000 or Rs. 60 million (30,000 x2000 = 60,000,000). In addition, another 10m (Rs. 10,000,000) would be required to cover annual subscription cost of EHSU periodicals and newspapers. Thus we reach an estimated figure of Rs. 70m or 7crore (add another 10% 8 Invited Lectures annually for inflation). These figures are being presented to get some idea of the extra cost we propose to pass on to the central government exchequer. ] If this revised guidelines are adopted in our legal deposit act (now under revision) by taking over the extra burden of book fund of the three regional libraries by the central exchequer then we could surely expect of getting better cooperation from the publishing fraternity in fulfilling their responsibilities towards the provisions of the revised act. Group of publishers bringing out EHSU language publications are to supply only TWO free copies, like all other publishers, one to the National Library and the other to Parliament Library. The only sensible expectation of the publishers from the CRL / National Library is to bring out a comprehensive, up to date online INB, listing all currently published titles thus received under the act and provide facilities of easy access to the readers within a reasonable time frame. Under the revised provision of the act, there is a strong opinion that Chennai based Connemara Public Library shall receive one copy free of cost, of every publication in Dravidian languages (e. g. Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu). Similarly Central Library, Mumbai shall receive books in all western Indian languages, such as Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, etc. , and Delhi Public Library shall get publications in Punjabi, Kashmiri, etc. as commonly spoken in the three respective regions. National Library is to receive one copy of all the publications. In addition to the respective regional languages publications these three libraries shall purchase one copy of publications of their choice, in English, Hindi, Sanskrit and Urdu (EHSU), from publishers / local vendors. Total annual cost of this category of publications shall be reimbursed from central exchequer. With the introduction of advanced network technologies, libraries shall be benefitted for not to process (Catalogue / classify highest cost factor) these books as relevant data can be downloaded from INB. The second alternative is to incorporate legal deposit provision within the revised copyright legislation as done in the USA and UK. It is possible to reduce the number of defaulting Indian publishers to bare minimum. Only very recently the National Library claimed to have increased intake of publications under the Act by extensive promotional work through the media and sending direct appeal to publishers that have helped it in bringing more and more publishers within the DB Act net. Secondly, if the total number of copies of each title (an average of seven copies) under both PR and DB Acts could be drastically reduced to minimum two only, there is a hope of getting full support and cooperation of Indian publishers to go by the rule book. Third and the most important factor is to make INB up to date and bring it out at regular frequency (monthly! ) with the target of putting it online within a scheduled time frame. What we need is determination and political will to make the India’s National Library the effective hub of Indian library systems. Similarly, there are several other issues, listed below, which also require attention by both the National Library and appropriate government agencies that shall help in making India proud of its National Library. Central Reference Library (CRL): In 1971 administration of the CRL was separated from the National Library by making it a subordinate office under the Department of Culture. This was an ideal opportunity we missed, for shifting the CRL to Delhi. In the middle of 1970s Central Government created a new wing of the Central Secretariat Library (CSL) and named it as Tulsi Sadan Library to collect and provide access exclusively to all Indian language (excluding English) publications, to commemorate the 400th year of Tulsidasa (of Ramcharitmanas fame). CSL could have been merged with CRL and allowed it to operate from some temporary location till a permanent ‘home’ could be found or built at the proposed site opposite to the National Museum on 9 Challenges in Library Management System (CLMS 2012) Janpath, originally proposed by Edwin Lutyens. CRL would have been the natural choice of declaring it as the fourth recipient public library in Delhi, under the DBAct (instead of making the Delhi Public Library with reluctance, during the 1970s). Ministry of Culture is now under heavy pressure for shifting the Central Secretariat Library out of Shastri Bhavan complex due to severe space crunch and security issues. It is a fact that CSL has lost its original objective of serving information needs of all central secretariat units. Today all the ministries are having their own libraries with specialized collections to cater their respective information needs. It now serves as a general reading room for Shastri Bhavan employees. Reading for pleasure is not so common with the government employees. Central Secretariat Library is administratively a subordinate office of the Ministry of Culture. A large section of its regular visitors, viz. postgraduate students and research scholars have stopped visiting the library due to overwhelming security checks involved in getting through Shastri Bhavan. Recently several thousand volumes of its rich older collections were being disposed under executive orders to make room for babus of the Ministry. It could have been easier to find a suitable location for CRL (incorporating CSL) in Delhi during 1970s. Attempts were also being made during the 1970s and 1980s to merge the CRL with the National Library but these were also stalled by staff associations of the two libraries. During this period, management of the National Library was weak as a result, library service also suffered considerably. Central government in Delhi continued to be indecisive in taking appropriate steps while local library administration in Kolkata failed to deal with the day to day issues in any effective manner. It was more of a failure of the management both at the operational as well as policy making levels. The government allowed the National Library to drift away in the absence of any suitable action plan in place to overcome the crisis. Nor there was any move or pressure from any other corner – library professionals, media or library users’ group. This long drawn uncertainty and lack of effective management control within the National Library campus directly affected services and administration of Central Reference Library thereby putting publication of INB also on the back burner. Indian National Bibliography (INB): It started in 1958 following the British National Bibliography (BNB) format. To overcome the complexity of multi-script languages it adopted Romanization of all scripts with the descriptive part of each entry in English. This has created problems for many who are not familiar with Roman script or English language. The job of printing INB monthly issues was given exclusively to the Government of India Press in Kolkata that failed to realise, from the beginning, the importance of maintaining the production and delivery schedule. After years of persuasion by CRL the Ministry allowed printing of INB through private press. Cataloguing of every title, received by the National Library under BD Act, is first to be acknowledged by the Library then sent to CRL on record, where it will be catalogued once according to INB practices and then books shall be sent back to the National Library for re-cataloguing according to its own specified rules followed by due processing for storage. This long drawn administrative procedural factors and duplication of cataloguing  process have claimed to be a major cause of delay from the date of receipt of the publication to the time its record is found in INB followed by making it available to readers of National Library This delay factor has also indirectly discouraged publishers to follow the DB Act guidelines strictly on the pretext of not finding INB to be a regular and up to date periodical either as a reliable check list of current Indian publications or a selection tool for libraries and other stakeholders; nor their publications are found in any bibliographic record of the National Library on time. National Library takes its own time, sometime nearly two years, to allow access to the books received under the DB Act. Importance of promotion and marketing of INB did never get much support from the concerned authorities. Adoption of appropriate technologies at 10 Invited Lectures different levels of administration and access to resources has been continuously lagged behind. Most national libraries of the world are having full responsibilities of preserving and allowing access to their collections by providing adequate indexing and other access tools, e.  g. national bibliographies, subject bibliographies, annotated catalogues of special collections, many of these are now accessible online on their respective websites. We must allow the National Library for setting up National Bibliographic Division with full control of bringing out INB and to provide other bibliographic services covering pan-India in appropriate standardized formats, as required from time to time. By taking full advantage of technological advances supported by a group of committed well qualified staff the Library would be able to help in both improving and widening the scope of services to individuals as well as to provide back-up services to a large number of academic and public libraries in and outside the country. For example, the day Indian libraries in general adopt the same processing format for all new titles listed in INB,India can claim to have won half the battle in modernizing our library services and systems. Without going into details one can only highlight the fact of centralized processing initiated and applied in most national libraries which have directly and indirectly helped respective library systems of these countries. We are well aware of the fact that both the CRL and INB are as if, linked with the DB Act by an umbilical cord that needs to be focused and dealt with separately for a drastic revision. Proposals l l Title of the revised act may be â€Å"Delivery of Publications (National Library) Act. Definition of Publications shall include – all printed documents, such as, books, periodicals, serials, newspapers, e-publications including audio books, CD books, DVDs and digital online publications and /or any other reformatted or original document produced for commercial distribution, e. g. microform documents. Only one copy of all publications shall be delivered free of charge, direct to the National Library of India (or at an address specified by the Library). The act shall also make adequate provision for the three regional libraries based in Chennai, Delhi and Mumbai to receive on.